THIRD SECTION

CASE OF NOVINSKIY v. RUSSIA

(Application no. 11982/02)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

10 February 2009

This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of Novinskiy v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:

Stanley Naismith, ,
Having deliberated in private on 20 January 2009,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1.  The case originated in an application (no. 11982/02) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Russian national, Mr Ernest Ernestovich Novinskiy (“the applicant”), on 21 February 2002. Before the adoption of the judgment, the Court was informed that the applicant had passed away on 2 January 2009. However, his widow, Ms Olga Aleksandrovna Novinskaya, expressed her wish to pursue the application. For practical reasons Mr Ernest Ernestovich Novinskiy will continue to be called “the applicant” in this judgment, although Ms Olga Aleksandrovna Novinskaya is now to be regarded as such (Dalban v. Romania [GC], no. 28114/95, § 1, ECHR 1999‑VI).
2.  The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by his wife, Mrs O. Novinskaya, and by Mrs O. Preobrazhenskaya of the International Protection Centre, Moscow. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr P. Laptev and Mrs V. Milinchuk, former Representatives of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights.
3.  The applicant alleged, in particular, that the conditions of his detention in IZ-63/1 (from 11 to 16 June 2001 and from 13 November to 5 December 2001) and IZ-77/3 (between 16 June and 13 November 2001) had been appalling and that the prison authorities had put pressure on him and some of his fellow prisoners in connection with his application to the Court.
4.  By a decision of 6 December 2007, the Court declared the application partly admissible.
5.  The applicant and the Government each filed further written observations (Rule 59 § 1). The Chamber decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 § 3 in fine).
THE FACTS
I.  THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
6.  The applicant was born in 1963 and previously resided in the town of Togliatti.
7.  It appears that the applicant is currently serving a sentence of imprisonment in prison facility IK-26 in the Samara Region.
A.  Criminal proceedings against the applicant
8.  On 22 December 1999 police officers searched the applicant's flat and arrested him on suspicion of having committed a number of crimes.
9.  Thereafter the applicant was remanded in custody pending the outcome of the criminal proceedings against him.
10.  The applicant alleged that he had been tortured during the pre-trial investigation.
11.  By a judgment of 1 November 2000 the Samara Regional Court convicted the applicant and a number of co-accused and sentenced them to various terms of imprisonment. Having regard to various pieces of evidence, including the oral evidence given by a number of witnesses, the court found the applicant guilty of organising and inciting others to murder and bribery and sentenced him to twenty-one years' imprisonment.
12.  The applicant, one of his co-accused and their counsel appealed against the judgment of 1 November 2000.
13.  On 22 October 2001 the Supreme Court examined and partly allowed the defence appeals. The applicant was acquitted of some of the charges and his sentence was reduced to nineteen years' imprisonment.
B.  The applicant's pre-trial detention
14.  The parties agree on the following time-line with regard to the applicant's pre-trial detention.
15.  The applicant was initially arrested on 22 December 1999. He has remained in detention since that date. Pending criminal proceedings against him, he was detained intermittently in IVS-1, IZ-63/1, IZ-77/3 and IZ-63/2.
16.  From 11 to 16 June 2001 he was detained in IZ-63/1. On 16 June 2001 the applicant was sent to IZ-77/3 in the city of Moscow to take part in the appeal proceedings in his case. On 13 November 2001 the authorities transferred the applicant back to IZ-63/1. The applicant remained there until 5 December 2001. On that date he was transferred to prison facility IK-13 of the Samara Region to serve his sentence of imprisonment. Some years later, on 23 August 2006, the applicant was transferred from IK-13 to IK-26.
1.  Conditions of the applicant's detention in pre-trial detention centre IZ-63/1 in the town of Samara
17.  From 11 to 16 June 2001 and from 13 November to 5 December 2001 the applicant was detained in cell no. 36 of IZ-63/1.
(a)  Information submitted by the parties at the admissibility stage of the proceedings
18.  According to the Government, the cell measured 34.02 square metres (6.3 x 5.4 x 3.1 metres), had a window and contained eight sleeping places, with no more than seven inmates being held together with the applicant.
19.  The applicant stated that the cell measured around 30 square metres, contained ten two-tier beds designed for twenty detainees and a wooden table for ten persons. There were between 18 and 32 detainees in the cell at the relevant time. The prisoners were permitted daily outdoor exercise which lasted for 40 minutes. It was cold in the cell in winter (+13o C to +15o C) and stiflingly hot (+30o C to +40o C) in summer.
20.  To support his allegations, the applicant referred to statements of support signed by a number of his fellow inmates who had witnessed the conditions of detention in the same cell or in other cells of IZ-63/1 (see paragraphs 38, 41, 44, 48, 57, 59, 60, 64 and 66 below).
21.  The Government disputed the validity and veracity of these statements, submitting that none of the witnesses in question had been detained in the same cell simultaneously with the applicant.
(b)  Information submitted by the parties at the post-admissibility stage of the proceedings
22.  The Government were requested to submit specific information on the number of inmates and beds in pre-trial detention centre IZ-63/1 from 11 to 16 June 2001 and from 13 November to 5 December 2001. They were invited to provide separate information for each day of the periods in question.
23.  In response the Government submitted that no more than 1,100 inmates had been held in IZ-63/1 during the specified periods.
24.  They could not submit copies of official logs and documentation as these documents had been destroyed following the expiry of the time-limit for their storage. From the documents confirming the destruction it follows that the registration logs in respect of the cells for the following three periods – 3 June to 25 September 2001, 26 September to 22 November 2001 and 23 November 2001 to 5 March 2002 – were destroyed in January 2007. The duty sheet (постовая ведомость) for June and November-December 2001 was destroyed in March 2005. The certificates on daily movements of inmates (справки о движении заключённых за сутки), daily logs on the presence and movements of inmates (суточные сводки о наличии и движении заключённых) and lists of inmates' moves between cells (списки перемещения заключённых из камеры в камеру) for the year 2001 were destroyed in February 2003.
25.  Instead, the Government submitted the following statements dated 10 January 2008 from officers D.K. and D.S., who had both served in that prison at the relevant time:
“In accordance with decree no. 63 of the Ministry of Justice of the RF dated 19 February 2001, the capacity of pre-trial detention centre no. 1 of the town of Samara was 1,100 inmates in 2001 and the overall number of inmates did not exceed that figure.
Cell no. 36 is equipped with eight sleeping places. In 2001 there were no more than eight inmates in the cell, including [the applicant].”
26.  The Government also submitted, with reference to official certificates issued by the head of the prison authorities of IZ-63/1, that there had been 1,056 beds for inmates and 44 beds in the hospital unit of facility IZ-63/1. They also referred to order no. 63 of the Ministry of Justice dated 19 February 2001 on, among other things, the capacity of pre-trial detention centres in Russia. The order states specifically that IZ/63-1 had at the relevant time an overall living surface in cells of 4,400 square metres and was capable of accommodating 1,100 inmates.
27.  The applicant partly agreed and partly disagreed with the information submitted by the Government. He stated that he may have remembered the exact number of inmates incorrectly and it was likely that in the specified periods there had been between 14 and 18 inmates with him in the cell. The applicant insisted that the cell was nevertheless overcrowded. He also specified that there had been eight two-tier bunk beds which had provided a total of sixteen sleeping places.
28.  He submitted further statements by former inmates Mr S.V. Sidorchuk and Mr S.A. Rassokhin, who both again confirmed their earlier support (see paragraphs 47 and 52 below).
29.  The applicant also submitted an article dated 25 September 2006 entitled “SIZO-1 – The gates of the Samara Prison System” (СИЗО-1 – ворота Самарской УИС), from an official newspaper published by the Central Department for the Execution of Sentences of the Ministry of Justice called Prison and Freedom (Тюрьма и воля) (issue no. 17-18), in which it was stated that:
“... for over forty-two years the staff of SIZO [IZ-63/1] have been carrying out difficult tasks on the State's behalf. They do so in difficult conditions. In the first place, they have to cope with overcrowding. Although it has a capacity of 1,200 persons, around 1,600 inmates are being held here, whilst a couple of years ago the number of inmates was in excess of 3,000. For continuous periods of time, not only male but also female inmates were being held there.”
2.  Conditions of the applicant's detention in pre-trial detention centre IZ-77/3 in the city of Moscow
30.  Between 16 June and 12 November 2001 the applicant was held in IZ-77/3 in the city of Moscow.
31.  The applicant submitted that he had been detained in cell no. 524, measuring 27 square metres and containing 24 bunk beds. During the period between June and November 2001 the cell held between 34 and 48 inmates. It was infested with insects and had neither a separate toilet nor proper ventilation.
32.  The Government submitted that the applicant had been detained in cells no. 523 and no. 524. Cell no. 523 measured 35.8 square metres, had 32 sleeping berths and contained no more than 28 persons besides the applicant. Cell no. 524 measured 32.8 square metres, had 32 sleeping places and contained no more than 28 persons besides the applicant. Each of the cells had two windows.
33.  The Government submitted handwritten statements by prison inspectors Kh. and L. dated 20 January 2006, in which they certified that in 2001 there had been no more than 28 persons in cells 523 and 524.
34.  According to the applicant these two cells were similar to each other and measured about 27 square metres, with 24 sleeping places each. At all the relevant times there were between 32 and 48 inmates in these cells. The prisoners had to sleep in turns. The cells were infested with insects, cockroaches and lice. The applicant admitted that some sanitation work had been carried out, but noted that it had been to no avail as the insects from the prisoners' bedding had re-infested the cells each time.
3.  The Government's factual submissions in respect of the above facilities
35.  The Government submitted that the inmates in both prisons had been provided with all the necessary bed linen, including a mattress, a blanket, two sheets, a pillowcase and a towel.
36.  In respect of both prisons, the Government submitted that all prisoners had a fifteen-minute shower every seven days, that all the cells had been equipped with day-time as well as night-time lighting, that there had been a central heating system in the cells, that the inmates had been provided with food in accordance with the relevant instructions and rules and had had the possibility of receiving food parcels from their relatives, that the prisoners had been provided with medical assistance and had been regularly examined by prison doctors, that the WC area in both prisons had been separated from the living area by a brick wall and that the applicant had never complained about the conditions of his detention at the domestic level.
C.  Statements by the applicant's fellow prisoners
37.  In his observations on the admissibility of the case the applicant submitted a number of statements from his fellow prisoners.
1.  Statements by Mr S.N. Vasilyev
38.  In an undated statement Mr S.N. Vasilyev fully confirmed the applicant's account of the conditions of detention, specifically supporting his submissions in respect of, among other things, conditions in IZ-63/1.
39.  In a statement dated 28 April 2006 Mr S.N. Vasilyev contested the Government's factual submissions in respect of IZ-63/1. He stated that the Government's presentation of the situation had been wrong, and he fully confirmed the applicant's description of cells in IZ-63/1.
40.  Mr S.N. Vasilyev is currently at liberty, living in the town of Togliatti.
2.  Statement by Mr A.V. Bogolyubov
41.  In an undated statement Mr A.V. Bogolyubov, who also spent some time in IZ-63/1 (although not simultaneously with the applicant), supported the applicant's submissions in respect of that prison.
42.  The Government also stated that one Mr A.V. Bogolyubov, whom they had traced to one of the prisons of the Samara Region, had never been detained in the same cell of the same prison in the Samara Region together with the applicant.
43.  It appears that the Mr A.V. Bogolyubov referred to by the applicant is a different person from the one referred to by the Government. The former is at liberty and currently resides in the town of Togliatti.
3.  Statement by Mr S.A. Rassokhin
44.  In a statement of 3 March 2006 Mr S.A. Rassokhin confirmed the applicant's account of the conditions of detention in IZ-63/1.
45.  The Government also stated that one Mr S.A. Rassokhin, whom they had traced to one of the prisons of the Samara Region, had never been detained in the same cell of the same prison in the Samara Region together with the applicant.
46.  It appears that the Mr S.A. Rassokhin referred to by the applicant is a different person from the one referred to by the Government. The former is at liberty and currently resides in the town of Togliatti.
47.  At the post-admissibility stage of the proceedings, the applicant submitted a fresh statement by Mr Rassokhin dated 27 January 2008, in which he said that he had been detained in IZ-63/1 in 2000-01 (although not in the same cell as the applicant) and had witnessed the fact that the actual number of beds in cells at that time was twice the figure submitted by the Government. Furthermore, in reality the cells measuring 30 square metres and containing 16 to 20 beds held twice as many inmates as there were beds.
4.  Statement by Mr S.V. Sidorchuk
48.  In a statement of 25 April 2006 Mr S.V. Sidorchuk said that he had spent some time in IZ-63/1 at approximately the same time as the applicant. Mr Sidorchuk confirmed the applicant's account of the conditions of detention.
49.  In response to this statement, the Government submitted the following information. According to them, the inquiry revealed that Mr S.V. Sidorchuk had never been detained simultaneously with the applicant. They did not appear to dispute that Mr Sidorchuk had been detained in IZ-63/1 and had witnessed the conditions of detention in that prison.
50.  Furthermore, the Government submitted a statement from Mr Sidorchuk dated 24 August 2006, in which he retracted his earlier statement in support of the applicant's complaints.
51.  In a statement of 6 February 2007 submitted by the Government, Mr Sidorchuk said that he remained a witness in the case, that he had not withdrawn his statement and that no pressure had been put on him by anyone. He added that he had never been detained at the same time as the applicant, with the result that his account of the conditions of detention concerned only himself and not the applicant.
52.  At the post-admissibility stage of the proceedings, the applicant submitted a fresh statement by Mr S.V. Sidorchuk dated 27 January 2008. Mr Sidorchuk was then at liberty and resided in the town of Togliatti. He again confirmed the truth of the applicant's factual allegations in respect of IZ-63/1. He also explained that his earlier retraction of the statement of 25 April 2006 had been due solely to the fact that at the relevant time he had applied for release on parole and that the prison officials had made insinuations and disguised remarks to the effect that his application for release might not be granted unless he retracted.
53.  By letter of 21 March 2008 the applicant's counsel, Ms Preobrazhenskaya, informed the Court that on 10 March 2008 Mr S.V. Sidorchuk had been apprehended by police officers and had spent the next six hours in the local department of the interior (the fact that Mr Sidorchuk was there between 1 p.m. and 7.15 p.m. is confirmed by an official certificate). He was questioned there by an assistant to the prosecutor, Mr S. Sviridov, in connection with his earlier statements in support of the applicant.
54.  Mr S.V. Sidorchuk submitted a written statement dated 12 March 2008, according to which he was apprehended at 1.35 p.m. on 10 March 2008 and was then escorted to the police station, where he waited four and a half hours to be questioned by Mr S. Sviridov. The interview concerned the applicant's case before the Court and the statements made by Mr S.V. Sidorchuk in that connection. No direct threats or overt intimidation were used, but Mr S.V. Sidorchuk stated that he had felt pressurised by the State in connection with the applicant's case.
55.  Mr S.V. Sidorchuk also submitted a copy of an interview record dated 10 March 2008 and a copy of the summons served on him by police officers on 10 March 2008. The interview record shows that he confirmed, among other things, the authenticity of his earlier statement dated 27 January 2008. The summons mentioned explicitly that Mr S.V. Sidorchuk was invited to an interview as a witness within the meaning of the domestic Code of Criminal Procedure, that he could come with his lawyer if he so wished and that he could be brought to the investigator by force or fined if he ignored the summons.
56.  The Government acknowledged that the interview had taken place (having submitted copies of official duty rosters and police station logs to that effect as well as explanatory statements by the escorting police officers), but denied any pressure or coercion and argued that the aim had been to check the veracity of earlier statements made by Mr S.V. Sidorchuk.
5.  Statement by V.I. Molochkov
57.  In a statement of 18 April 2006 Mr V.I. Molochkov supported the applicant's submissions in so far as they concerned cell no. 36 in IZ-63/1. It appears that Mr Molochkov was detained in that cell in 2001 at the same time as the applicant and that there were between 20 and 24 detainees and only 20 beds at that time.
58.  The Government also stated that Mr V.I. Molochkov had never been detained in the same cell of the same prison in the Samara Region together with the applicant. According to them, he had been detained in a different cell of IZ-63/1 from 8 December 2000 until an unspecified date.
6.  Joint statement by nineteen prisoners
59.  The following nineteen prisoners who were serving their sentence in IK-13 along with the applicant also supported his application: Mr A.S.Tikhonov (in respect of IZ-63/1), Mr V.G. Pamurzin (in respect of IZ-63/1), Mr S.Z. Suleymanov (in respect of IZ-63/1), Mr D.V. Vodopyanov (in respect of the conditions of detention in IZ-63/1), Mr O.V. Tkachenko (all complaints), Mr M. Moiseyev (all complaints), Mr D.N. Kartashov (all complaints), Mr S.N. Smirnov (all complaints), Mr D.I. Karlov (all complaints), Mr A.V. Borodin (in respect of IZ-63/1 in 2001), Mr N.R. Kofinullov (all complaints), Mr V.M. Kapitonov (all complaints), Mr V.S. Kalashnikov (all complaints), Mr A.V. Pronin (all complaints), Mr M.A. Mikhalkin (all complaints), Mr S.V. Sulkin (all complaints), Mr S.S. Kirzhenko (all complaints), Mr S.V. Karyakin (in respect of IZ-63/1), Mr S.V. Ashkhabekov (all complaints).
7.  Statement of Mr V.V. Slivin
60.  In a statement of 27 April 2006 Mr V.V. Slivin mentioned that he had been detained from 1997 to 2002 in IZ-63/1 in overcrowded cells. According to Mr Slivin, the Government's factual submissions could not reflect the true conditions in IZ-63/1 any earlier than 2003.
61.  The Government objected to this statement, as the applicant and Mr V.V. Slivin had never been detained in IZ-63/1 simultaneously. The Government did not appear to dispute that Mr V.V. Slivin had witnessed the conditions of detention in IZ-63/1 from 1997 to 2002.
62.  In a statement of 24 August 2006 Mr Slivin said that he had been detained in IZ-63/1 from 1997 to 2002, that he personally had had no complaints about the conditions of detention there and that he had promised no support to the applicant. Mr Slivin confirmed that he had previously supported the applicant only in so far as his own personal experience was concerned.
63.  In a statement of 6 February 2007 submitted by the Government, Mr V.V. Slivin stated that he had never supported the application and described the applicant's allegation concerning pressure by the prison authorities as unfounded. He also wrote that “all references to him” were “without basis”.
8.  Statement by Mr A.A. Zotov
64.  In a statement of 7 May 2006 Mr A.A. Zotov confirmed that in 1998 and 1999 the conditions of detention in IZ-63/1 had been similar to the applicant's description and that in 2003 some renovation work had been carried out by the prison authorities.
65.  The Government also stated that Mr A.A. Zotov had never been detained in the same cell of the same prison in the Samara Region together with the applicant. They conceded that Mr A.A. Zotov had been detained in IZ-63/1 from 31 October 1997 to 27 March 1998.
9.  Statement by Mr I.V. Katkov
66.  In a statement of 12 May 2006 Mr I.V. Katkov said that the prisons in question had suffered from overcrowding both in 2005 and in 2006.
67.  The Government questioned this statement, submitting that Mr I.V. Katkov had never been detained simultaneously with the applicant. They did not appear to dispute that Mr I.V. Katkov had been detained in IZ‑63/1 in 2005 and 2006.
68.  The Government also submitted a statement by Mr I.V. Katkov dated 24 August 2006 in which he withdrew his support in respect of the applicant's grievances.
10.  Further statements by the applicant's fellow inmates
69.  The applicant submitted a number of further statements from his fellow inmates in support of his application, along with his observations on the merits of the case.
70.  In handwritten statements dated 27 January 2008 one S.V Yunoshev and one M.Yu. Kondratyev, who had served their sentences along with the applicant in IK-26, confirmed the applicant's description of the cells in IZ‑63/1, including the fact that they had been equipped with two-tier bunk beds, and the overcrowding in all of the cells in which he had been detained. Mr S.V. Yunoshev had not been detained in the same cells as the applicant, but he stated that the whole establishment had been overcrowded to twice its capacity. He also confirmed the applicant's version of events in respect of the abortive visit by the applicant's wife on 19 February 2007 (see paragraphs 82-83 below).
D.  Alleged interference with the applicant's right of individual petition
1.  Alleged pressure on witnesses
71.  By letter of 13 September 2006 the applicant informed the Court that he had learnt that Mr S.V. Sidorchuk and Mr V.V. Slivin, under coercion from the authorities, had signed a retraction of their previous statements.
72.  In the same letter he also alleged that the authorities had put “silent pressure” on him by refusing him access to work corresponding to his skills and preferences, that other prisoners had approached him with disguised threats, that there had been a general tightening of the prison regime “with reference to the applicant's complaints to the Court” and that the authorities had sought to create a social vacuum around the applicant.
73.  The Government in their letter of 20 February 2007 gave a detailed response to the applicant's complaints and flatly denied his allegations, including those concerning the alleged pressure and tightening of the prison regime, claiming them to be unfounded. According to them, no pressure had been put on either Mr Sidorchuk or Mr Slivin.
74.  The Government further submitted statements dated 6 February 2007 by the applicant's fellow prisoners Mr V.V. Andreyev, Mr A.V. Ilyin, Mr I.A. Bokurskiy and Mr V.A. Myatlev, and statements from the applicant's “good friends” Mr A.A. Skachkov, Mr A.S. Kobelev, Mr M.A. Cherantayev, Mr V.V. Gromadskiy and Mr V.E. Litvinov, who all confirmed that no pressure had been put on the applicant during his detention, that there had been no tightening of the prison regime or that at least the applicant had never spoken to them on the subject.
75.  Similar statements had been made by a foreman of the applicant's prison group, Mr A.V. Temkinov, as well as by prison staff including doctors and medical assistants.
76.  On 6 February 2007 the applicant too had made a statement to the prison authorities to the effect that no pressure had been put on him since his transfer to prison IK-26 on 23 September 2006.
77.  In response, the applicant submitted a handwritten statement by Mr V.V. Gromadskiy dated 27 November 2007 (see paragraph 74 above), explaining that the prison authorities had been putting pressure on him and other prisoners in connection with the applicant's case and that the statement dated 6 February 2007 had been written as dictated by the head of prison IK-26.
2.  Transfer from IK-13 to IK-26 on 23 August 2006
78.  The applicant also submitted that the pressure placed on him by the authorities had been demonstrated by his allegedly unjustified transfer to prison facility IK-26 in August 2006 as well as the refusal of permission for a visit by his wife in mid-February 2007.
79.  The Government commented on these allegations by stating the following.
80.  In respect of the applicant's transfer from IK-13 to IK-26 on 23 August 2006, they submitted an official certificate issued by V.S., head of the Central Department of the Federal Service for the Execution of Sentences in the Samara Region. The certificate states as follows:
“In accordance with the legislation in force on the execution of sentences, individuals sentenced to imprisonment for the first time are held separately from those who have served a previous sentence of imprisonment.
With a view to executing this legislative provision, [IK-13] was reorganised into a strict-regime correctional facility for dangerous recidivists, whilst [IK-26] was reorganised into a strict-regime correctional facility for persons sentenced to imprisonment for the first time. In view of this reform ..., [the applicant], who had not been sentenced to imprisonment previously, was transferred along with other convicted prisoners (total number of 126) on 23 August 2006 from [IK-13] to [IK-26].
The above-mentioned establishments are situated in the same area, within 200 metres of each other.”
81.  In his observations on the merits of the case, the applicant stated that this explanation was inadequate and simply untrue. He submitted that his transfer had been arbitrary, since some of the prisoners who would otherwise have qualified for such a transfer remained for some reason in IK‑13 (the applicant cited the following names: I.A. Bakurskiy, V.V. Slivin, Ya.I. Pykin, S.V. Sidorchuk and N.R. Kafeyatullov). At the same time, some fellow prisoners in IK-26 had not been serving prison terms for the first time and hence, according to the Government's logic, should not have remained there. The applicant also pointed out that the Government had obtained the retraction of statements by the witnesses S.V. Sidorchuk, I.V. Katkov and V.V. Slivin on 24 August 2006, which was the day after the applicant's transfer to IK-26 on 23 August 2006.
3.  Refusal of permission for visit
82.  As regards the visit of the applicant's wife, the Government submitted that on 19 February 2007 the applicant had asked for leave to see his wife, that on the same date leave had been granted (a copy of the applicant's handwritten request with the prison officer's stamp of approval on it was submitted), that the prison authority had made appropriate arrangements for the visit and that the visit had not taken place because the applicant's wife failed to appear (handwritten reports by the prison officers concerned were submitted by the Government along with their observations on the merits of the case).
83.  The applicant stated that his wife had wished to visit him on that date not in her private capacity but as his legal representative, with a view to collecting various documents for the purposes of submitting them to the Court. Permission for the visit was refused ostensibly because the applicant's wife was not a lawyer, but merely a legal representative. At the same time, her visit in a private capacity had indeed been authorised but had she agreed to it, their communication would not have been covered by client-lawyer confidentiality rules and the applicant would not have been able to pass on to her his confidential documents, including the statements of his co-detainees. On 21 February 2007 the applicant's wife had to hire a local lawyer, Ms Nechayeva, who later visited the applicant and successfully collected the documents in question. The applicant also joined his wife's written statement dated 27 January 2008, confirming the course of events as described, and a copy of the order authorising Ms Nechayeva to represent the applicant.
II.  Relevant domestic law
A.  Rules on the prison regime in pre-trial detention centres (as approved by Ministry of Justice Decree No. 148 of 12 May 2000)
84.  Rule 42 provided that all suspects and accused persons in detention had to be given, among other things: a sleeping place, bedding, including one mattress, a pillow and one blanket; bed linen, including two sheets and a pillow case; a towel; tableware and cutlery, including a bowl, a mug and a spoon; and seasonal clothes (if the inmate had no clothes of his own).
85.  Rule 44 stated that cells in pre-trial detention centres were to be equipped, among other things, with a table and benches with a number of seating places corresponding to the number of inmates, sanitation facilities, tap water and lamps to provide day-time and night-time illumination.
86.  Rule 46 provided that prisoners were to be given three warm meals a day, in accordance with the norms laid down by the Government of Russia.
87.  Under Rule 47 inmates had the right to have a shower at least once a week for at least fifteen minutes. They were to receive fresh linen after taking their shower.
88.  Rule 143 provided that inmates could be visited by their lawyer, family members or other persons, with the written permission of an investigator or an investigative body. The number of visits was limited to two per month.
 dated 31 January 2005
89.  Order No. 7 of the Federal Service for the Execution of Sentences of 31 January 2005 deals with implementation of the “Pre-trial detention centres 2006” programme.
90.  The programme is aimed at improving the functioning of pre-trial detention centres so as to ensure their compliance with the requirements of Russian legislation. It expressly acknowledges the issue of overcrowding in pre-trial detention centres and seeks to reduce and stabilise the number of detainees in order to resolve the problem.
91.  The programme mentions pre-trial detention centre IZ-77/3 amongst the ones affected. In particular, the programme states that, on 1 July 2004, the detention centre had a capacity of 1,109 inmates and in reality housed 1,562 detainees, in other words, 48.9% more than the permitted number.
III.  Relevant Council of Europe documents
92.  The relevant extracts from the General Reports of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“the CPT”) read as follows:
Extracts from the 2nd General Report [CPT/Inf (92) 3]
“46.  Overcrowding is an issue of direct relevance to the CPT's mandate. All the services and activities within a prison will be adversely affected if it is required to cater for more prisoners than it was designed to accommodate; the overall quality of life in the establishment will be lowered, perhaps signiﬁcantly. Moreover, the level of overcrowding in a prison, or in a particular part of it, might be such as to be in itself inhuman or degrading from a physical standpoint.
47.  A satisfactory programme of activities (work, education, sport, etc.) is of crucial importance for the well-being of prisoners ... [P]risoners cannot simply be left to languish for weeks, possibly months, locked up in their cells, and this regardless of how good material conditions might be within the cells. The CPT considers that one should aim at ensuring that prisoners in remand establishments are able to spend a reasonable part of the day (8 hours or more) outside their cells, engaged in purposeful activity of a varied nature ...
48.  Speciﬁc mention should be made of outdoor exercise. The requirement that prisoners be allowed at least one hour of exercise in the open air every day is widely accepted as a basic safeguard ... It is also axiomatic that outdoor exercise facilities should be reasonably spacious ...
49.  Ready access to proper toilet facilities and the maintenance of good standards of hygiene are essential components of a humane environment ...
50.  The CPT would add that it is particularly concerned when it ﬁnds a combination of overcrowding, poor regime activities and inadequate access to toilet/washing facilities in the same establishment. The cumulative effect of such conditions can prove extremely detrimental to prisoners.
51.  It is also very important for prisoners to maintain reasonably good contact with the outside world. Above all, a prisoner must be given the means of safeguarding his relationships with his family and close friends. The guiding principle should be the promotion of contact with the outside world; any limitations upon such contact should be based exclusively on security concerns of an appreciable nature or resource considerations ...”
Extracts from the 7th General Report [CPT/Inf (97) 10]
“13.  As the CPT pointed out in its 2nd General Report, prison overcrowding is an issue of direct relevance to the Committee's mandate (cf. CPT/Inf (92) 3, paragraph 46). An overcrowded prison entails cramped and unhygienic accommodation; a constant lack of privacy (even when performing such basic tasks as using a sanitary facility); reduced out-of-cell activities, due to demand outstripping the staff and facilities available; overburdened health-care services; increased tension and hence more violence between prisoners and between prisoners and staff. This list is far from exhaustive.
The CPT has been led to conclude on more than one occasion that the adverse effects of overcrowding have resulted in inhuman and degrading conditions of detention ...”
Extracts from the 11th General Report [CPT/Inf (2001) 16]
“28.  The phenomenon of prison overcrowding continues to blight penitentiary systems across Europe and seriously undermines attempts to improve conditions of detention. The negative effects of prison overcrowding have already been highlighted in previous General Reports ...
29.  In a number of countries visited by the CPT, particularly in central and eastern Europe, inmate accommodation often consists of large capacity dormitories which contain all or most of the facilities used by prisoners on a daily basis, such as sleeping and living areas as well as sanitary facilities. The CPT has objections to the very principle of such accommodation arrangements in closed prisons and those objections are reinforced when, as is frequently the case, the dormitories in question are found to hold prisoners under extremely cramped and insalubrious conditions ... Large-capacity dormitories inevitably imply a lack of privacy for prisoners in their everyday lives ... All these problems are exacerbated when the numbers held go beyond a reasonable occupancy level; further, in such a situation the excessive burden on communal facilities such as washbasins or lavatories and the insufﬁcient ventilation for so many persons will often lead to deplorable conditions.
30.  The CPT frequently encounters devices, such as metal shutters, slats, or plates ﬁtted to cell windows, which deprive prisoners of access to natural light and prevent fresh air from entering the accommodation. They are a particularly common feature of establishments holding pre-trial prisoners. The CPT fully accepts that speciﬁc security measures designed to prevent the risk of collusion and/or criminal activities may well be required in respect of certain prisoners ... [E]ven when such measures are required, they should never involve depriving the prisoners concerned of natural light and fresh air. The latter are basic elements of life which every prisoner is entitled to enjoy ...”
THE LAW
I.  THE STANDING OF THE APPLICANT'S WIDOW TO CONTINUE THE CASE
93.  The Court notes at the outset that the applicant died on 2 January 2009, after having lodged his application under Article 34 of the Convention. It recalls that in various cases in which an applicant died in the course of the Convention proceedings it took into account the statements of the applicant's heirs or of close members of his family expressing their wish to pursue the application (see, among other authorities, Kalló v. Hungary, no. 30081/02, § 24, 11 April 2006). The Court considers that the applicant's widow, who had stated her intention of continuing the proceedings, has a legitimate interest in obtaining a finding that there has been a breach of the applicant's rights.
94.  Accordingly, the Court finds that the applicant's widow has standing to continue the present proceedings.
II.  ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION
95.  Under Article 3 of the Convention the applicant complained that the conditions of his detention in pre-trial detention centres IZ-63/1 (from 11 to 16 June and 13 November to 5 December 2001) and IZ-77/3 (between 16 June and 12 November 2001) had been deplorable. Article 3 provides as follows:
“No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”
A.  Submissions of the parties
96.  As regards IZ-63/1, the Government considered that the conditions of detention in that prison had not been incompatible with Article 3 of the Convention. As regards IZ-77/3, they appeared to acknowledge the existence of overcrowding, but argued that the problem resulted from objective factors such as the high crime rate and the limited capacity of the detention facilities. In their view, the mere fact of holding the applicant in an overcrowded cell, provided that all other conditions of detention were observed, was not incompatible with Article 3. They also challenged the statements of the applicant's former inmates as erroneous and irrelevant.
97.  The applicant disagreed and maintained his complaints. He argued that the data and figures provided by the Government were inaccurate.
B.  The Court's assessment
98.  The Court notes that in its decision of 6 December 2007 it declared admissible the applicant's complaints concerning his continued detention between 11 June and 5 December 2001.
99.  Since the applicant was initially detained in IZ-63/1, then transferred to IZ-77/3 and after that re-detained in IZ-63/1, the Court will first examine the applicant's submissions concerning his detention in pre-trial detention centre IZ-63/1 from 11 to 16 June 2001 and from 13 November to 5 December 2001, and then turn to his detention in IZ-77/3 between 16 June and 13 November 2001. The Court will conclude by providing an overall assessment of the applicant's detention between 11 June and 5 December 2001 in both prisons.
1.  The conditions of detention in pre-trial detention centre IZ-63/1
100.  The parties mostly disagreed as to the specific conditions of the applicant's detention in cell no. 36. However, there is no need for the Court to establish the truthfulness of each and every allegation, as the case file contains sufficient documentary evidence to confirm the applicants' allegations of severe overcrowding in pre-trial detention centre IZ-63/1, which is in itself sufficient to conclude that Article 3 of the Convention has been breached.
101.  The Court notes that the main characteristic which the parties did agree upon was that cell no. 36 measured 34 square metres. However, the applicant claimed that the cell had been equipped with eight two-tier beds for 16 persons and that the cell population exceeded the capacity for which the cells had been designed. The applicant also stated that overcrowding of cells had been a problem throughout the prison and confirmed his point with reference to statements by fellow prisoners who had been detained in various other cells in IZ-63/1 (see paragraphs 38-70 above). The Government, relying on the information provided by prison officers in facility no. IZ-63/1 (see paragraph 26 above) and the certificate issued by the head of IZ-63/1 (see paragraph 25 above), argued that the cell had only had eight sleeping places and that the applicant had not been detained with more than seven inmates throughout his stay in that cell. The Government further submitted that the relevant documents indicating the exact number of inmates in the cells had been destroyed in February 2003, March 2005 and January 2007 (see paragraph 24 above).
102.  The Court observes that in certain instances the respondent Government alone have access to information capable of firmly corroborating or refuting allegations under Article 3 of the Convention and that a failure on a Government's part to submit such information without a satisfactory explanation may give rise to the drawing of inferences as to the well-foundedness of the applicant's allegations (see , no. 21689/93, § 426, 6 April 2004). Thus, the first issue to be examined is whether on the basis of the facts of the present case the Government's failure to submit copies of the relevant prison documentation has been properly accounted for.
103.  In this connection, the Court would note that the destruction of the relevant documents due to expiry of the time-limit for their storage, albeit regrettable, cannot in itself be regarded as an unsatisfactory explanation for the failure to submit them. The Court also has to look at the timing of that act as well as other relevant factual circumstances. In particular, regard should be had to whether the authorities appeared to have been acting with due care in this respect (see, for example, Oleg Nikitin v. Russia, no. 36410/02, §§ 48-49, 9 October 2008).
104.  Having examined the copies of materials submitted by the Government, the Court notes with regret that they reveal that the authorities did not display sufficient diligence in handling the relevant prison documentation in the Strasbourg proceedings, since some of the relevant documents, and in particular registration logs in respect of the cells in IZ‑63/1, were destroyed in January 2007 (see paragraph 24 above), that is to say, after the case had been communicated to the respondent Government for comments on 5 December 2005.
105.  In so far as the Government referred to the statements by officers D.K. and D.S. dated 10 January 2008 as having evidentiary value and acting as a substitute for the original prison documentation, the Court would reiterate that on several previous occasions it has declined to accept the validity of similar statements on the ground that they could not be viewed as sufficiently reliable given the lapse of time involved (see Igor Ivanov v. Russia, no. 34000/02, § 34, 7 June 2007, and Belashev v. Russia, no. 28617/03, § 52, 13 November 2007). The Court finds that these considerations hold true in the circumstances of the present case, since the events at issue had taken place around seven years before officers D.K. and D.S. gave their statements, and it is clear from the way the statements are formulated that the officers based them on their personal recollections and not on any objective data. Furthermore, the Government were requested to provide data in respect of each day of the applicant's detention in IZ-63/1, whereas the officers merely stated that the number of inmates had not exceeded a certain figure. The Court finds that in the circumstances of the case and given the lack of any original prison documentation, such an answer is too vague and unspecific to enable the Court to make a firm finding regarding the alleged lack of overcrowding in the facility in question. Thus, the Court takes note of the statements by officers D.K. and D.S., but it finds no objective reason to attach greater weight to those statements compared to those made, for instance, by the inmates referred to by the applicant. Overall, the Court finds that the Government have not accounted properly for their failure to submit detailed information supported by copies of the original prison documentation, with the result that the Court may draw inferences from their conduct.
106.  In the light of the above finding and having regard also to the evidence submitted by the parties, the Court observes that the case file contains sufficient indication that the prison in question was experiencing severe overcrowding of its premises during the applicant's stay there. In particular, former detainees S.N. Vasilyev (see paragraphs 38-40 above), A.V. Bogolyubov (see paragraph 41 above), S.A. Rassokhin (see paragraphs 44 and 47 above), V.I. Molochkov (see paragraphs 57 and 58 above), S.V. Sidorchuk (see paragraphs 48 and 51 above as well as the Court's conclusions under Article 34 in paragraphs 119-124) and V.V. Slivin (see paragraphs 60 and 62 above), in their largely uncontested statements relating to various dates between 1997 and 2002, all confirmed the fact that IZ-63/1 was severely overcrowded during their stay there. The Court is aware of the Government's objection that none of the persons mentioned above was detained in cell no. 36 of IZ-63/1 along with the applicant. However, the objection remains a mere allegation as it is not supported by any original documentation which, according to the Government's own position, was destroyed. Furthermore, being mindful of the objective difficulties experienced by applicants in substantiating their grievances in respect of the conditions of pre-trial detention in Russia, the Court is prepared to accept the above statements as sufficient confirmation of the applicant's point that the overcrowding of cells was a problem throughout pre-trial detention centre IZ-63/1 for a number of years before, during and after the applicant's detention there. The existence of this deplorable state of affairs may also be inferred from the information contained in an official newspaper of the Central Department for the Execution of Sentences of the Ministry of Justice, which estimated the population of the detention centre at over three thousand detainees, despite being designed to accommodate only one thousand two hundred inmates (see paragraph 29 above).
107.  Thus, even disregarding the statements by Mr Yunoshev and Mr Kondratiyev, as the period to which they refer is unclear (see paragraph 70 above), the statements of Mr Zotov and Mr Katkov, as they do not relate to the relevant period of time (see paragraphs 64 to 68 above) and the joint statements in the applicant's support, as being too vague and unspecific (see paragraph 59 above), the Court cannot but accept the applicant's allegations concerning the severe overcrowding of his cell, as the prisoners would have had, depending on the exact number of inmates, between 1.9 and 2.4 square metres of space per person. The applicant was held in these conditions for five days in June 2001 and for three weeks in November and December 2001.
2.  The conditions of detention in pre-trial detention centre IZ-77/3
108.  The Court reiterates that between 16 June and 12 November 2001 the applicant was detained in IZ-77/3.
109.  The Court notes that the parties disputed the actual conditions of the applicant's detention in that facility. However, there is no need for the Court to establish the truthfulness of each and every allegation, because it finds a violation of Article 3 on the basis of the facts that have been presented by the respondent Government, for the following reasons.
110.  Even on the assumption that the Government's information and figures are correct and the applicant was indeed detained in cells nos. 523 and 524, measuring 35.8 and 32.8 square metres respectively, with no more than 28 co-detainees at any given time (see paragraph 32 above), it follows that the detainees, including the applicant, were afforded less than 1.3 and 1.2 square metres of personal space in their respective cells.
3.  The overall conclusion in respect of the period between 11 June and 5 December 2001
111.  The Court has frequently found a violation of Article 3 of the Convention on account of lack of personal space afforded to detainees (see , no. 6847/02, §§ 104 et seq., ECHR 2005-X (extracts); , no. 62208/00, §§ 44 et seq., 16 June 2005; , no. 66460/01, §§ 41 et seq., 2 June 2005; , no. 63378/00, §§ 39 et seq., 20 January 2005; , no. 47095/99, §§ 97 et seq., ECHR 2002-VI; and , no. 28524/95, §§ 69 et seq., ECHR 2001-III).
112.  Having regard to its case-law on the subject and the material submitted by the parties, the Court notes that the Government have not put forward any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion in the present case. Although in the present case there is no indication that there was a positive intention to humiliate or debase the applicant, the Court finds that the fact that the applicant was obliged to live, sleep and use the toilet in the same cell as so many other inmates for an overall period of five months and twenty-five days (see the conclusions in paragraphs 107 and 110 above) was itself sufficient to cause distress or hardship of an intensity exceeding the unavoidable level of suffering inherent in detention, and to arouse in him feelings of fear, anguish and inferiority capable of humiliating and debasing him.
113.  There has therefore been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention, as the applicant was subjected to inhuman treatment on account of the conditions of his detention from 11 June to 5 December 2001 in facilities IZ-63/1 and IZ-77/3.
III.   ALLEGATION OF HINDRANCE OF THE RIGHT OF INDIVIDUAL PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 34 OF THE CONVENTION
114.  Lastly, the applicant complained that the prison authority had put pressure on him by transferring him from IK-13 to IK-26 in mid-February 2006 and also by refusing permission for his wife to visit on 19 February 2007 in connection with his application to the Court. He also complained that some of his fellow prisoners had been coerced into withdrawing their statements of support. The Court will examine this complaint under Article 34 of the Convention, which provides as follows:
 “The Court may receive applications from any person, non-governmental organisation or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by one of the High Contracting Parties of the rights set forth in the Convention or the Protocols thereto. The High Contracting Parties undertake not to hinder in any way the effective exercise of this right.”
A.  The parties' submissions
115.  The Government denied the applicant's allegations and submitted explanatory information, including notes by the officials allegedly involved (see paragraphs 48-56, 73-75 and 79-80 above).
116.  The applicant disagreed and maintained his initial submissions.
B.  The Court's assessment
117.  The Court reiterates that it is of the utmost importance for the effective operation of the system of individual petition instituted by Article 34 that applicants or potential applicants should be able to communicate freely with the Court without being subjected to any form of pressure from the authorities to withdraw or modify their complaints (see, among other authorities, Akdivar and Others v. Turkey, 16 September 1996, § 105, Reports of Judgments and Decisions1996-IV, and Aksoy v. Turkey, 18 December 1996, § 105, Reports 1996-VI). In this context, “pressure” includes not only direct coercion and flagrant acts of intimidation but also other improper indirect acts or contacts designed to dissuade or discourage applicants from pursuing a Convention remedy (see Kurt v. Turkey, 25 May 1998, § 159, Reports 1998‑III).
118.  Furthermore, whether or not contacts between the authorities and an applicant are tantamount to unacceptable practices from the standpoint of Article 34 must be determined in the light of the particular circumstances of the case. In this respect, regard must be had to the vulnerability of the complainant and his or her susceptibility to influence exerted by the authorities (see Akdivar and Others and Kurt, both cited above, § 105 and § 160 respectively). The applicant may be in a particularly vulnerable position when he is being held in custody with limited contacts with his family or the outside world (see Cotleţ v. Romania, no. 38565/97, § 71, 3 June 2003).
119.  Turning to the circumstances surrounding the various statements given by Mr S.V. Sidorchuk (see paragraphs 48-56 above), the Court notes with regret that the situation does give rise to genuine concerns as regards the authorities' compliance with their undertakings under Article 34 of the Convention.
120.  The Court would recall that even though the main purpose of that provision is to protect applicants or potential applicants, in certain cases the effective exercise of an applicant's right of individual petition depends to a large extent on his or her ability to substantiate the claims by providing, among other things, statements from witnesses to the alleged violations of the Convention. It is especially true in conditions-of-detention cases where the Government alone have access to information capable of firmly corroborating or refuting the allegations and where, if they fail to provide such information, the factual findings by this Court are made extremely difficult, if not sometimes impossible (see paragraph 105 above).
121.  In the case at hand, the Government have been found to have failed to submit appropriate information in respect of the applicant's allegations. They have also been found to have failed to explain this shortcoming with any good reason. The Court further notes that the witness statements submitted by the applicant, including those of S.V. Sidorchuk, played a crucial role in determination of the factual background to the applicant's Article 3 complaints (see paragraph 106 above).
122.  The Court further notes that the Government essentially did not dispute that they had interviewed Mr S.V. Sidorchuk twice while the latter was still in prison (in August 2006 and in February 2007), and then once more after his release on parole (in March 2008). Whilst not denying that the Government might have checked the relevant statements of this witness by contacting and interviewing him directly, the Court cannot avoid the impression that the relevant officials went beyond mere verification of his statements and acted in a manner which could have been reasonably perceived by this witness as unnecessarily intimidating and coercive.
123.  In this connection, the Court recalls that in the first statement by Mr Sidorchuk supplied by the Government and dated 24 August 2004, this witness fully retracted his support for the applicant's case. After the Court requested the Government to comment on the applicant's allegations of undue coercion and pressure on witnesses, the Government produced yet another statement by Mr Sidorchuk, in which he essentially retracted his submission of 24 August 2004 and endorsed his initial statement, supplied by the applicant and dated 25 April 2005. No specific reason for such a drastic change of position was provided by the Government in their comments, but it did arrive in the statement by Mr Sidorchuk dated 27 January 2008, submitted by the applicant, in which the witness accused the authorities of having put pressure on him by using his pending application for release on parole as leverage. Even though the above-mentioned statement in itself may not be conclusive, subsequent developments amply illustrate that Mr Sidorchuk was indeed subjected to pressure by the authorities. On 10 March 2008, after his release on parole, Mr Sidorchuk was again contacted and interviewed, this time by an official from the prosecutor's office. The Court would stress that Mr Sidorchuk was not visited by the relevant official at his home or merely invited for a talk – an official from the prosecutor's office summoned him by sending a police patrol to his home address, from where Mr Sidorchuk was escorted to the police station under threat of being brought by force or fined (see paragraphs 53-56 above). At the same time, the Government did not produce any document which would prove the existence of a criminal case in the context of which Mr Sidorchuk could have been summoned as a witness. Therefore, the Court finds that the summoning of Mr Sidorchuk in the described manner was totally inappropriate. Next, as regards the purpose of the interview, the Government cited the need to check the witness's earlier statements concerning undue pressure from the prison authorities. The Court notes that nothing in the Government's submissions supports this version. In fact, had any formal inquiry, either disciplinary or criminal, been launched into this matter, the Government would have been able to identify it, report on the actions taken by the responsible officials, furnish the Court with transcripts of interviews by the officials involved and provide a copy of a final document containing findings and conclusions. Since the Government failed to provide any of these documents or even argue that they existed, the Court cannot but conclude that the interview of 10 March 2008, especially given the ominous form it took, was not justified by the need to clarify Mr Sidorchuk's previous statements, but was meant to put additional pressure on one of the witnesses in this case whose depositions played a key role in the establishment of the facts in the proceedings before the Court and were indispensable to the effective exercise of the applicant's right of individual petition guaranteed by Article 34 of the Convention.
124.  In the light of the above facts and considerations, the Court finds that the respondent State failed to comply with its obligations under Article 34 of the Convention.
125.  As regards the applicant's remaining complaints, the Court would note that some of the applicant's allegations are either without basis or do not appear to raise any issues under Article 34 of the Convention. Hence, the Court would note in respect of the alleged pressure placed on Mr Gromadskiy (see paragraph 77 above) and the alleged refusal of permission for the applicant's wife to visit on 19 February 2007 (see paragraphs 82-83 above), that nothing in the materials in its possession indicates that the applicant's ability to pursue the Strasbourg proceedings was in any way affected by the incidents in question. As regards the applicant's transfer from IK-13 to IK-26 in mid-February 2006 (see paragraphs 79-80 above), the Government explained – and in the absence of any clear evidence to the contrary the Court is satisfied with this explanation – that the above-mentioned transfer had taken place in the context of the general reorganisation of the functioning of the two prisons and had not been aimed at worsening the applicant's situation in connection with his application to the Court. Lastly, there is nothing in the materials of the case to support the applicant's allegation of pressure on the witness V.V. Slivin (see paragraphs 60-63 above).
IV.  APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
126.  Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A.  Non-pecuniary damage
127.  The applicant claimed 350,000 euros (EUR) in compensation for non-pecuniary damage.
128.  The Government did not submit any comments in this respect.
129.  The Court notes that the applicant was detained for almost six months in overcrowded cells in two pre-trial detention centres and thus indisputably sustained non‑pecuniary damage which cannot be compensated solely by a finding of a violation. Deciding on an equitable basis, it awards the applicant's widow EUR 4,000 for non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable on this amount.
B.  Costs and expenses
130.  Without presenting any supporting documents, the applicant also claimed reimbursement of his costs and expenses, but left the exact amount to the Court's discretion.
131.  The Government considered this claim unsubstantiated.
132.  According to the Court's case-law, an applicant is entitled to reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and were reasonable as to quantum. Regard being had to the fact that the applicant failed to submit any documents in support of his claims or even specify the exact amounts spent by him in this connection, the Court rejects the applicant's claims.
C.  Default interest
133.  The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1.  Holds that the applicant's widow has standing to continue the case;

2.  Holds that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention on account of the conditions of the applicant's detention between 11 June and 12 November 2001;

3.  Holds that there has been a violation of Article 34 of the Convention;

4.  Holds
(a)  that the respondent State is to pay the applicant's widow, Ms Olga Aleksandrovna Novinskaya, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, EUR 4,000 (four thousand euros) in respect of non-pecuniary damage, to be converted into Russian roubles at the rate applicable at the date of settlement, plus any tax that may be chargeable;
(b)  that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;

5.  Dismisses the remainder of the applicant's claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 10 February 2009, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
	Stanley Naismith	Josep Casadevall
	Deputy Registrar	President