In the case of Sergey Babushkin v. Russia,
The European Court of Human
Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Isabelle Berro-Lefèvre,
President,
Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska,
Julia Laffranque,
Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Erik Møse,
Ksenija Turković,
Dmitry Dedov, judges,
and Søren Nielsen, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 5 November 2013,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that
date:
PROCEDURE
The case originated in an application (no.
5993/08) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34
of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
(“the Convention”) by a Russian national, Mr Sergey Vladimirovich Babushkin
(“the applicant”), on 24 December 2007.
The applicant was represented by Mr T. Misakyan,
a lawyer practising in Moscow. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were
represented by Mr G. Matyushkin, Representative of the Russian Federation at
the European Court of Human Rights.
The applicant alleged, in particular, that he was
detained in cramped and appalling conditions in correctional colony no. IK-2
in Livny, Orel region, and that he had no effective remedy in this respect.
On 27 August 2010 the application was
communicated to the Government.
THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
The applicant was born in 1961 and lives in Livny,
Orel region.
The applicant suffers from locomotor impairment
resulting from a gunshot wound he received in 1997.
A. Conditions of detention
On an unspecified date the applicant was found
guilty of assault on a police officer, theft and illegal possession of firearms
and sentenced to fifteen years’ imprisonment. He was sent to correctional
colony no. IK-2 in Livny, Orel region, to serve the prison sentence. He
was released in September 2013.
1. The description submitted by the Government
The Government submitted copies of official floor
plans of the colony premises and statements from the colony administration. The
information provided can be summarised as follows:
|
Period of detention
|
Unit no.
|
Total surface in square metres
(including exercise area)
|
Dormitory surface area in square
metres
|
Number of inmates assigned to the
dormitory
|
Number of sleeping places
|
|
From 6 to 17 November 1999
|
Quarantine section
|
|
No data provided
|
No data provided
|
|
|
From 17 November 1999 to 14 July
2006
|
Unit 15
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
From 14 July to 25 August 2006
|
Unit 10
|
|
3
|
No more than 106
|
|
|
From 28 August 2006 to
3 September 2008
|
Unit 15
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
From 3 September 2008 to
16 September 2009
|
Unit 3
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
From 25 September to
20 November 2009
|
Unit 15
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
From 20 November 2009 to 2
February 2010
|
Unit 3
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
From 2 February 2010 September
2013
|
Unit 12
|
|
7
|
No more than 110
|
|
Each unit comprised a dormitory, a lavatory, a
cafeteria, a TV room, a storage room and a locker room. At all times the
applicant was provided with an individual bed, bedding and cutlery. All the
dormitories were equipped with a ventilation system in good working order. The
windows in the dormitories, except for those in the quarantine section, were
not covered with grilles and provided adequate access to daylight. All the
premises in the correctional colony were equipped with electric lighting. The
lavatory was separate from the living area of the units. Each toilet was
located in a separate cubicle. The inmates were allowed at least one hour’s exercise
twice a day in a specially designated area which was equipped with a volleyball
playground and exercise bars.
The Government submitted a copy of the daily
schedule of correctional colony no. IK-2 which reiterated the routines as
set out in the model daily schedule approved by the Ministry of Justice of the
Russian Federation for correctional colonies (see paragraph 22 below). According to the Government, most detainees
spent their day at work. Because of the disability, the applicant was not
obligated to work. He was offered a job in a sewing shop where the working
conditions were appropriate for his disability.
2. The description submitted by the applicant
The applicant did not challenge the data
submitted by the Government in respect of the measurements and population of
the dormitories. He submitted that the beds were arranged in two tiers which
prevented access to daylight. The dormitories were not equipped with any
ventilation system. They were infested with lice. The lighting was dim and
insufficient. The water supply was irregular. The level of medical service
provided was unsatisfactory. The applicant did not provide any detail as to his
daily routines. Nor did he explain whether he had accepted a job offer in the
sewing shop or not.
On numerous occasions the applicant was placed
in a disciplinary cell for failure to comply with internal regulations. Each
time his head was allegedly shaved.
In response to a complaint by
the applicant about the conditions of his detention, on 30 March 2007 the
Federal Department of Corrections confirmed that the applicant was detained in
an overcrowded dormitory where the living area per inmate was below the
statutory two square metres. In particular, the letter stated as follows:
“The medical division of the Federal Department of Corrections
has considered your complaint ... .
Pursuant to Article 99 § 1
of the Russian Code on the Execution of Criminal Sentences, the personal space
in the correctional colony afforded per convict cannot be below 2 square
metres. The disabled persons are not entitled to additional personal space.
Currently the number of convicts serving a prison sentence in correctional colony
no. IK-2 exceeds its maximum capacity by 6%. The conditions of detention
are the same in all units.
The use of shower facilities by the convicts, laundry and
drying of the bed linen and working clothes are carried out in accordance with
the schedule ... approved by the head of the colony. The shower, laundry and
drying facilities are in a working order.”
B. Correspondence with the Court
On 23 August 2007 the applicant allegedly
submitted to the administration of the correctional colony a letter addressed
to the Court. According to the applicant, the letter was not dispatched. He
brought a civil claim for damages against the correctional colony.
On 14 August 2008 the Livny District Court
of the Orel Region dismissed the applicant’s claims as unsubstantiated. The
court noted that the inmates who testified on the applicant’s behalf could not state
the date on which the applicant had allegedly submitted the letter to the
administration in their presence. The court also examined the outgoing
correspondence registers, which contained no reference to the applicant’s
letter of 23 August 2007. Nor was there any information confirming that the
witnesses who testified on the applicant’s behalf submitted any documents to
the administration on that day.
On 10 December 2008 the Orel Regional Court
upheld the judgment of 14 August 2008 on appeal.
C. Proceedings concerning the applicant’s entitlement
to orthopaedic shoes
It appears that in 2005 the applicant was
recognised as “category three” disabled owing to his locomotor impairment.
Prior to 2006 the applicant had purchased
orthopaedic shoes at his own expense. On 13 September 2006 the applicant
placed an order for orthopaedic shoes with the correctional colony. On
3 April 2007 he received four pairs of shoes free of charge.
On an unspecified date he brought an action
against the correctional colony seeking, inter alia, reimbursement of
the sums he had paid for the shoes on previous occasions.
On 15 May 2007 the Livny District Court of
the Orel Region dismissed the applicant’s claim in full. The court noted, inter
alia, that the applicant had not asked the colony to provide him with
orthopaedic shoes prior to 2006. Once he had placed the order, the colony had
complied with its obligation to provide him with the shoes free of charge. The
delay in making the shoes had been caused by the financial difficulties of the
shoe factory. The court further noted that the applicant had in any event failed
to demonstrate what expenses he had incurred when purchasing the shoes himself.
Nor was it incumbent on the administration of the correctional colony to take steps
to purchase shoes for him in the absence of any corresponding request on his
part. On 11 July 2007 the Orel Regional Court upheld the judgment of
15 May 2007 on appeal.
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW
A. Code on the Execution of Criminal Sentences: personal
space in a dormitory
. Article
99 of the Code on the Execution of Criminal Sentences of 8 January 1997,
as amended, provides that the personal space allocated to each individual in a
dormitory should be no less than two square metres. Inmates are to be provided
with individual sleeping places, bed sheets, toiletries and seasonal clothes.
B. Internal Regulations of the
Correctional Colonies: the model daily schedule
. According to the Internal Regulations of the
Correctional Colonies as approved by Order No. 5 of the Ministry of
Justice of the Russian Federation on 3 November 2005, the model daily
schedule for correctional colonies is as follows:
“Wake up call - no later than 5-6 a.m.
Morning physical exercise (duration) - up to 15 minutes
Time for morning toilet and making the bed - up to 10 minutes
Morning and evening muster - up to 40 minutes
Breakfast - up to 30 minutes
Travel to work site - up to 40 minutes
Work - in accordance with labour legislation
Lunch break - up to 30 minutes
Work day ends, time for cleanup - up to 25 minutes
Dinner - up to 30 minutes
Personal time - up to 1 hour
Educational programmes - up to 1 hour
Specialised
and recreational activities, school and vocational training - in accordance
with a separate schedule
Preparation for sleep - up to 10 minutes
Sleep (continuous) - 8 hours.”
C. Code of Civil Procedure: complaints
about unlawful decisions
23. Chapter 25 sets out
the procedure for a judicial examination of complaints about decisions, acts or
omissions of the State and municipal authorities and officials. Pursuant to
Ruling no. 2 of 10 February 2009 by the Plenary Supreme Court of the Russian Federation,
complaints by suspects, defendants and convicts about inappropriate conditions
of detention must be examined in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 25
(point 7).
24. The burden of proof
as to the lawfulness of the contested decision, act or omission lies with the
authority or official concerned. If necessary, the court may obtain evidence of
its own initiative (point 20 of Ruling no. 2).
25. If the court finds
the complaint justified, it issues a decision requiring the authority or
official to fully remedy the breach of the citizen’s rights (Article 258 § 1).
The court determines the time-limit for remedying the violation with regard to
the nature of the complaint and the efforts that need to be deployed to remedy
the violation in full (point 28 of Ruling no. 2).
D. Ombudsman
Act (Federal Law no. 1-FKZ of 26 February
1997)
. The
Ombudsman may receive complaints concerning the actions by federal and
municipal State bodies or employees, provided that the complainant has
previously lodged a judicial or administrative appeal in this connection
(section 16 § 1).
27. Having examined the
complaint, the Ombudsman may apply to a court or prosecutor for the protection
of the rights and freedoms which have been breached by an unlawful action or
inaction of a State official or petition the competent authorities for
institution of disciplinary, administrative or criminal proceedings against the
State official who has committed such a breach (section 29 § 1).
28. The Ombudsman
prepares a summary of individual complaints and he or she may submit to State
and municipal authorities recommendations of a general nature on the ways to
improve the protection of individual rights and freedoms or suggest legislative
amendments to the lawmakers (section 31).
E. Act on public supervision for
human rights compliance in places of detention and assistance to detainees (Federal
Law no. 76-FZ of 10 June 2008)
. Public supervision commissions are responsible for
public monitoring, reporting and promoting cooperation in human rights
compliance in places of detention (Article 6). They may, inter alia,
visit places of detention, consider detainees’ complaints, provide
recommendations and interact with state and municipal authorities and mass
media (Article 15).
III. RELEVANT COUNCIL OF EUROPE
DOCUMENTS
. The relevant extracts from the General Reports of
the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (“the CPT”) read as follows:
Extracts from the 2nd General Report [CPT/Inf
(92) 3]
“46. Overcrowding is an issue of direct
relevance to the CPT’s mandate. All the services and activities within a prison
will be adversely affected if it is required to cater for more prisoners than
it was designed to accommodate; the overall quality of life in the
establishment will be lowered, perhaps significantly. Moreover, the level
of overcrowding in a prison, or in a particular part of it, might be such as to
be in itself inhuman or degrading from a physical standpoint.
47. A satisfactory programme of
activities (work, education, sport, etc.) is of crucial importance for the
well-being of prisoners ... [P]risoners cannot simply be left to languish for
weeks, possibly months, locked up in their cells, and this regardless of how
good material conditions might be within the cells. The CPT considers that one
should aim at ensuring that prisoners in remand establishments are able to
spend a reasonable part of the day (8 hours or more) outside their cells,
engaged in purposeful activity of a varied nature ...
48. Specific mention should be made
of outdoor exercise. The requirement that prisoners be allowed at least one
hour of exercise in the open air every day is widely accepted as a basic
safeguard ... It is also axiomatic that outdoor exercise facilities should be
reasonably spacious ...
49. Ready access to proper toilet
facilities and the maintenance of good standards of hygiene are essential
components of a humane environment ...
50. The CPT would add that it is
particularly concerned when it finds a combination of overcrowding, poor
regime activities and inadequate access to toilet/washing facilities in the
same establishment. The cumulative effect of such conditions can prove
extremely detrimental to prisoners.
51. It is also very important for
prisoners to maintain reasonably good contact with the outside world. Above
all, a prisoner must be given the means of safeguarding his relationships with
his family and close friends. The guiding principle should be the promotion of
contact with the outside world; any limitations upon such contact should be
based exclusively on security concerns of an appreciable nature or resource
considerations ...”
Extracts from the 7th General Report [CPT/Inf (97) 10]
“13. As the CPT pointed out in its 2nd
General Report, prison overcrowding is an issue of direct relevance to the
Committee’s mandate (cf. CPT/Inf (92) 3, paragraph 46). An overcrowded prison
entails cramped and unhygienic accommodation; a constant lack of privacy (even
when performing such basic tasks as using a sanitary facility); reduced
out-of-cell activities, due to demand outstripping the staff and facilities
available; overburdened health-care services; increased tension and hence more
violence between prisoners and between prisoners and staff. This list is far
from exhaustive.
The CPT has been led to conclude on more
than one occasion that the adverse effects of overcrowding have resulted in
inhuman and degrading conditions of detention ...”
Extracts from the 11th General Report [CPT/Inf (2001) 16]
“28. The phenomenon of prison
overcrowding continues to blight penitentiary systems across Europe and
seriously undermines attempts to improve conditions of detention. The negative
effects of prison overcrowding have already been highlighted in previous
General Reports ...
29. In a number of countries visited by
the CPT, particularly in central and eastern Europe, inmate accommodation often
consists of large capacity dormitories which contain all or most of the facilities used by prisoners
on a daily basis, such as sleeping and living areas as well as sanitary
facilities. The CPT has objections to the very principle of such accommodation
arrangements in closed prisons and those objections are reinforced when, as is
frequently the case, the dormitories in question are found to hold prisoners
under extremely cramped and insalubrious conditions ... Large-capacity
dormitories inevitably imply a lack of privacy for prisoners in their everyday
lives ... All these problems are exacerbated when the numbers held go beyond a
reasonable occupancy level; further, in such a situation the excessive burden
on communal facilities such as washbasins or lavatories and the
insufficient ventilation for so many persons will often lead to
deplorable conditions.”
THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLES 3 AND 13 OF THE
CONVENTION
The applicant complained that he had been
detained in cramped and appalling conditions in correctional colony no. IK-2
in Livny, Orel Region. He referred to Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention,
which read as follows:
Article 3
“No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.”
Article 13
“Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the]
Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national
authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons
acting in an official capacity.”
The Government noted that the applicant had
failed to bring his grievances to the attention of the Russian courts and submitted
that his complaint should be rejected for failure to comply with the
requirements of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. In support of
their argument, they relied on the relevant domestic laws’ provisions (see
paragraphs 23-29
above). In their opinion, it was open to the applicant, in order to obtain an
adequate relief, to address his grievances to a court, a public supervision
commission, or an ombudsman. They further cited the following examples from
domestic practice. On 19 July 2007 the Novgorod Town Court of the Novgorod
Region had awarded 45,000 Russian roubles (RUB) to D. in respect of non-pecuniary
damage resulting from the domestic authorities’ failure to ensure proper
conditions during his pre-trial detention. On 17 December 2008 the
Sovetskiy District Court of Nizhniy Novgorod had upheld G.’s claims concerning
his detention in an overcrowded cell in a remand prison and awarded him
RUB 2,000. On 14 October 2009 the Sovetskiy District Court of Nizhniy
Novgorod had upheld B.’s claims concerning the conditions of his pre-trial
detention in view of the lack of sufficient personal space, lighting,
ventilation, fresh air and adequate medical assistance and awarded him
RUB 100,000. On 26 March 2007 the Tsentralniy District Court of Kaliningrad
had found that the correctional colonies where R. had been serving a prison
sentence had failed to provide him with adequate medical assistance and awarded
him RUB 300,000. On 26 September 2008 the Berezniki Town Court of the
Perm Region had awarded RUB 65,000 to Ye. for the non-pecuniary damage
resulting from his detention in a temporary detention centre. Lastly, referring
to the Court’s case-law (see Whiteside v. the
United Kingdom, decision of 7 March 1994,
application no. 20357/92, DR 76, p. 80), they pointed out that a mere doubt on the applicant’s part as to the prospect of success was not sufficient to exempt him from submitting
his complaint to any of the above mentioned competent national authorities.
The applicant submitted that he had not brought
a court action against the administration of the correctional colony for fear
of reprisals. As regards the precedents cited by the Government, he pointed out
that the claimants in those cases had sued the detention facilities only after
their detention there had ended.
A. Admissibility
. The
Court considers that the issue of exhaustion of domestic remedies is closely
linked to the merits of the complaint that the applicant did not have an effective
remedy at his disposal by which to complain of inhuman and degrading conditions
during his detention. The Court therefore finds it necessary to join the
Government’s objection to the merits of the complaint under Article 13 of the
Convention.
. The
Court further notes that the complaints under Articles 3 and 13 of the
Convention are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3
(a) of the Convention and that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds.
They must therefore be declared admissible.
B. Merits
1. Article 13 of the Convention
(a) The parties’ submissions
The Government submitted that the applicant had
effective remedies in respect of his grievances about the conditions of his
detention. The opportunity was still open to him to lodge a complaint on that
account with the competent State authorities or a court.
The applicant maintained his complaint.
(b) The Court’s assessment
. The
Court points out that Article 13 of the Convention guarantees the availability
at national level of a remedy to enforce the substance of the Convention rights
and freedoms in whatever form they may happen to be secured in the domestic
legal order. The effect of Article 13 is thus to require the provision of a
domestic remedy to deal with the substance of an “arguable complaint” under the
Convention and to grant appropriate relief (see, among many other authorities, Kudła
v. Poland [GC], no. 30210/96, § 157, ECHR 2000-XI).
. The
scope of the obligation under Article 13 varies depending on the nature of the
applicant’s complaint under the Convention. Nevertheless, the remedy required
by Article 13 must be effective in practice as well as in theory.
. In
the area of complaints about inhuman or degrading conditions of detention, the
Court has already observed that two types of relief are possible: an
improvement in the material conditions of detention and compensation for the
damage or loss sustained on account of such conditions. If an applicant has
been held in conditions that are in breach of Article 3, a domestic remedy
capable of putting an end to the ongoing violation of his or her right not to
be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment, is of the greatest value. Once,
however, the applicant has left the facility in which he or she endured the
inadequate conditions, he or she should have an enforceable right to
compensation for the violation that has already occurred (see, mutatis
mutandis, Ananyev and Others v. Russia, nos. 42525/07
and 60800/08, § 97, 10 January 2012).
Turning to the facts of
the present case, the Court observes that the Government have suggested that it
was open to the applicant to lodge a judicial complaint about the infringement
of his rights caused by the conditions of his detention or address it to an
ombudsman or a public supervision commission. In this connection, the Court
notes it has already examined the Government’s argument about a possibility of
judicial complaint or a complaint to an ombudsman in the context of conditions
of detention in a remand prison in Russia and rejected it having found that
those remedies had fallen short of the requirements set out in Article 13
of the Convention. In respect of the judicial complaint, the Court concluded
that, even though it provided a solid theoretical legal framework for
adjudicating the detainees’ complaints about inadequate conditions of
detention, its capacity to produce a preventive effect in practice had not been
convincingly demonstrated (see Ananyev, cited above, § 112). Nor could the Court
recognise the effectiveness of a complaint to an ombudsman noting that the
latter lacked the power to issue a legally binding decision that would be
capable of bringing about an improvement in the detainee’s situation or serving
as a basis for obtaining compensation (see Ananyev, cited above, § 106). In the present case there
is nothing in the materials before the Court that would allow it to reach a
different conclusion. Accordingly, the recourse to a court or an ombudsman does
not constitute an effective remedy.
. As
regards a recourse to a public supervision commission, the Court is not
persuaded that it can provide an adequate redress in respect of the complaint
about the conditions of detention in a correctional colony. Similarly to the ombudsman’s
office, the said commissions are not invested with authority to issue legally
binding decisions. Their task is to provide advice and information to other
state bodies or mass media on the issues concerning the human rights compliance
in places of detention (see paragraph 29 above).
. In
so far as the Government, relying on the domestic courts’ judgments, may be
understood to suggest that the applicant could have successfully brought a
claim for damages resulting from detention in inadequate conditions, the Court notes
that none of the cases cited by the Government concerned the conditions of
post-conviction detention in a correctional colony. Three of them dealt with
overcrowding of pre-trial detention facilities (a temporary detention centre
and remand prisons) and the fourth one concerned the lack of proper medical
assistance in a correctional colony. Accordingly, the Court is unable to
conclude that the Government have demonstrated that a sufficiently established
domestic judicial practice exists confirming an effectiveness of a claim for
damages incurred in connection with inhuman or degrading conditions of detention.
. Lastly,
the Court observes that in the case of Kulikov (see Kulikov
v. Russia, no. 48562/06, § 31,
27 November 2012), it examined and dismissed the Government’s objection concerning
the alleged non-exhaustion of domestic remedies by the applicant for their
failure to demonstrate the practical effectiveness of the applicant’s recourse
to the domestic authorities in respect of his complaints about the conditions
of his detention in a correctional colony. In the present case the Government have not put forward any fact or argument
capable of persuading the Court to reach a different conclusion.
. Accordingly,
the Court rejects the Government’s objection concerning the non-exhaustion of
domestic remedies and concludes that there has been a violation of Article 13
of the Convention on account of the lack of an effective and accessible remedy that
would have enabled the applicant to complain about the conditions of his
detention in the correctional colony where he is serving a prison sentence.
2. Article 3 of the Convention
(a) The parties’ submissions
The Government conceded that the personal space
afforded to the applicant had been below the statutory standards because of the
overpopulation of the correctional colony. However, they contended that the overall
conditions of the applicant’s detention had been in compliance with the
standards set forth in Article 3 of the Convention.
The applicant maintained his complaint. He
claimed that at all times the dormitories he had been assigned to were overcrowded
and the lighting there was insufficient. He further alleged that the size of
other premises in the colony, including the cafeteria, TV room and exercise
areas was inadequate to accommodate the needs of the colony population.
(b) The Court’s assessment
The Court reiterates that Article 3
enshrines one of the fundamental values of a democratic society. The Convention
prohibits in absolute terms torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment, irrespective of the circumstances or the victim’s behaviour (see,
among other authorities, Labita
v. Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 119, ECHR 2000-IV).
The Court has consistently stressed that the suffering and humiliation involved
must go beyond the inevitable element of suffering or humiliation connected
with a given form of legitimate treatment or punishment. Although measures
depriving a person of liberty may often involve such an element, in accordance
with Article 3 of the Convention the State must ensure that a person is
detained under conditions which are compatible with respect for his human
dignity and that the manner and method of the execution of the measure do not
subject him to distress or hardship exceeding the unavoidable level of
suffering inherent in detention (see Kudła, cited above, §§ 92-94).
Turning to the facts of the instant case, the
Court observes that the thrust of the applicant’s complaint is the overcrowding
of the correctional colony where he was serving a prison sentence. Insofar as the applicant can be understood to complain about
inadequacy and insufficiency of the colony’s facilities for outdoor exercise
and recreation, the Court observes that, in the absence of any detailed
information from the applicant about his daily routines at the colony, and
regard being had to the materials submitted by the Government on the issue, the
Court is unable to accept the applicant’s submissions as sufficiently
established or credible. Accordingly, the Court’s task in the present case is
to determine whether the applicant’s placement during the night time in a large
capacity dormitory ensured adequate conditions of detention.
As regards the overcrowding of the detention
facilities, the Court takes cognisance of the findings summed up in the reports
published by the Committee for the Prevention of Torture
where the prison overcrowding has been repeatedly characterised as entailing
adverse effects, such as cramped and unhygienic accommodation, a constant lack
of privacy, reduced out-of cell activities, and resulting in inhuman and
degrading conditions of detention (see paragraph 30 above). However, the Court reiterates
that it cannot decide, once and for all, how much personal space should be
allocated to a detainee in terms of the Convention. That depends on many
relevant factors, such as the duration of detention in particular conditions,
the possibilities for outdoor exercise, the physical and mental condition of
the detainee, and so on. This is why, whereas the Court may take into account
general standards in this area developed by other international institutions,
such as the CPT, these cannot constitute a decisive argument (see Trepashkin
v. Russia, no. 36898/03, § 92, 19 July 2007).
The Court further developed this line of
reasoning in the case of Samaras (see Samaras and Others v. Greece,
no. 11463/09, §§ 51-66, 28 February
2012), where it held, in paragraph 63, as follows:
“The Court does not intend to question its case-law according
to which factors other than overcrowding or the personal space available to a
detainee may be taken into account in examining compliance with the requirements
of Article 3 in the matter. The possibility of circulating outside the cell or
dormitory is certainly one such factor. However, in the Court’s opinion that
factor alone, if established, cannot be considered so decisive that it would
suffice, in itself, to tip the scales in favour of a finding of no violation of
Article 3. The Court must also examine the conditions and duration of the
freedom of movement in relation to the overall duration of the detention and
the general conditions prevailing in the prison. It considers that factors that
helped alleviate the harshness of the conditions of detention could be taken
into account in determining the amount of any just satisfaction to be awarded
to the applicants in the event of a finding of a violation.”
In this regard, the Court takes cognisance of
the admission made by the Government that, because of the overcrowding of the
correctional colony where the applicant had been serving a prison sentence, the
personal space afforded to him in the dormitory was below the statutory
standard of two square metres. According to the data submitted by the
Government, the applicant had at his disposal in the dormitory no more than
1.55 square metres of personal space.
The Court does not lose sight that, as submitted
by the Government and not contested by the applicant, during the day the
applicant was not confined to an overcrowded dormitory. He had an opportunity
for at least two hours’ daily outdoor exercise. It was also open to him to work
in a sewing shop or stay at the unit premises while other detainees were at
work.
Nevertheless, the Court considers that the
conditions of the applicant’s detention in correctional facility no. IK-2
have fallen short of the standards set forth in Article 3 of the
Convention. In this regard the Court puts a special emphasis on the fact that the
applicant has been serving a long term of imprisonment. His placement in a
cramped dormitory with approximately a hundred inmates, if only at night, was
not temporary. He has been held in such conditions, lacking any privacy, for
thirteen years. In the Court’s opinion, this fact alone raises an issue under
Article 3 of the Convention.
The Court accepts that in
the present case there is no indication that there was a positive intention on
the part of the authorities to humiliate or debase the applicant but reiterates that, irrespective of the reasons for the overcrowding,
it is incumbent on the respondent Government to organise their custodial system
in such a way as to ensure respect for the dignity of detainees, regardless of
financial or logistical difficulties (see Mamedova
v. Russia, no. 7064/05, § 63, 1 June 2006, and Benediktov
v. Russia, no. 106/02, § 37, 10 May 2007).
. When
examining the earlier cases against Russia concerning the conditions of
detention in correctional colonies, the Court has considered the detention in overcrowded
dormitories where the personal space afforded to the detainees was below the
statutory standard of two square metres, if only at night, to be one of the
decisive factors weighing in favour of finding a violation of Article 3 of the
Convention (see, for example, Kulikov, cited above, § 37, and Yepishin v. Russia,
no. 591/07, § 65,
27 June 2013).
Having regard to the material in its possession,
the Court notes that the Government have not put forward any fact or argument
capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion in the present case.
There has therefore been a violation of Article
3 of the Convention on account of the conditions of the applicant’s detention
in correctional colony no. IK-2 in Livny, Orel Region, from 6 November
1999 to September 2013, which it considers inhuman and degrading within the
meaning of this provision.
II. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION
Lastly, the applicant complained under
Article 6 of the Convention that the civil proceedings which he had
initiated were unfair. He also complained, under Article 34, about the
disciplinary measures imposed on him during his detention and the alleged
refusal by the administration of the correctional colony to dispatch a letter
of his which was addressed to the Court. He also alleged, with reference to
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, that he had not been provided with
orthopaedic shoes until 2007.
However, having regard to all the material in
its possession, and in so far as these complaints fall within its competence,
the Court finds that there is no appearance of a violation of the provisions
invoked. It follows that this part of the application must be rejected as
manifestly ill-founded, pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4
of the Convention.
III. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
Article 41 of the
Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there
has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the
internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial
reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction
to the injured party.”
A. Damage
The applicant claimed 90,000 euros (EUR) in
respect of non-pecuniary damage.
The Government considered the applicant’s claims
unsubstantiated and excessive. They further submitted that, given that the
applicant’s rights under the Convention had not been infringed, his claims in
respect of damage should be rejected in full. Alternatively, they submitted that
a finding of a violation would constitute sufficient just satisfaction.
The Court considers that the question of the
application of Article 41 is not ready for decision. Accordingly, it shall
be reserved and the subsequent procedure fixed, having regard to any agreement
which might be reached between the Government and the applicant (Rule 75 § 1 of
the Rules of Court).
B. Costs and expenses
The applicant did not claim costs and expenses.
Accordingly, there is no call to make an award under this head.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Joins
to the merits the Government’s
objection as to the exhaustion of domestic remedies in respect of the applicant’s
complaint about the conditions of the applicant’s detention and rejects it;
2. Declares the complaints concerning the
conditions of the applicant’s detention and the lack of an effective remedy in
this respect admissible and the remainder of the application inadmissible;
3. Holds that there has been a violation of
Article 13 of the Convention;
4. Holds that there has been a violation of
Article 3 of the Convention;
5. Holds that the question of the application
of Article 41 is not ready for decision and accordingly:
(a) reserves the said question;
(b) invites the Government and the applicant
to submit, within three months of the date on which the judgment becomes final
in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, their written observations
on the matter and, in particular, to notify the Court of any agreement that
they may reach;
(c) reserves the further procedure and delegates
to the President of the Chamber the power to fix the same if need be.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 28 November
2013, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Søren Nielsen Isabelle
Berro-Lefèvre
Registrar President
