IMPORTANT NOTICE
This judgment was delivered in private. The Judge has given permission for this anonymised version of the judgment (and any of the facts and matters contained in it) to be published on condition always that the names and the current addresses of the parties and the children must not be published. For the avoidance of doubt, the strict prohibition on publishing the names and current addresses of the parties and the children will continue to apply where that information has been obtained by using the contents of this judgment to discover information already in the public domain. All persons, including representatives of the media, must ensure that these conditions are strictly complied with. Failure to do so will be a contempt of court.

Case No: MA14C00090
Neutral Citation Number: [2015] EWFC 6
IN THE FAMILY COURT

30 January 2015
Before :

THE HONOURABLE MR JUSTICE PETER JACKSON
Sitting at Sessions House, Preston
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Between :
			
	Wigan Council 

-and-

M, Mr C, Mr P, GM, G, B 
and CC (by their Children’s Guardian)	Applicant

1st-9th Respondents	
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Frances Heaton QC and Jade Abraham (instructed by Wigan County Council) for the Applicant
 Taryn Lee QC and Arlene Milne(instructed by Platt & Fishwick Solicitors) for the Mother
Karl Rowley QC and Kathryn Hughes  (instructed by HCB Widdowes Mason Solicitors) for Mr C
Barbara Connolly QC and Sasha Watkinson (instructed by Stephensons Solicitors) for G
Nkumbe Ekaney QC and Arron Thomas  (instructed by AFG Law) for B
Bansa Singh Hayer (instructed by WTB Solicitors) for CC, the younger children
Mr P and the Paternal Grandmother were not represented at this hearing

Hearing dates: 19 – 29 January 2015
Judgment date: 30 January 2015

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JUDGMENT
JUDGMENT:  Wigan BC v M and 8 others (Sexual Abuse: Fact-Finding)

Mr Justice Peter Jackson:

Introduction

1.	The perpetrators of sexual abuse are inadequate individuals who control weaker people, often children, for their own gratification.  Their behaviour is always an abuse of power and usually a breach of trust.  They destroy families and blight childhoods.  They create dread in their victims by convincing them that the consequences of speaking out will be worse than the consequences of silence.  They create guilt in their victims by persuading them that they have somehow willingly participated in their own abuse.  They burden their victims with secrets.  They poison normal relationships, trade on feelings of affection, drive a wedge between their victims and others, and make family and friends take sides.  They count on the failure or inability of responsible adults, both relatives and professionals, to protect and support the victims.  Faced with exposure, they commonly turn on their victims, try to assassinate their characters, and get others to do the same.  Most often, their selfishness is so deep-rooted that they ignore other people’s feelings and are only capable of feeling pity for themselves. 

2.	The effects of sexual abuse on the victim can be lifelong, but because of the way perpetrators operate, most abuse goes undetected.  It takes courage to ask for help.  Victims are beset by feelings of shame, guilt and fear.  They should be able to have confidence that their accounts will be adequately investigated and that they will be appropriately supported.  Instead, experience shows that the abuse is often compounded by sceptical or inadequate reactions within the family and beyond.  It is not always possible to establish where the truth lies, but where it is possible to investigate, there must be a good reason not to do so.  The position of a complainant whose allegation is described as ‘unsubstantiated’ is extraordinarily difficult, but sometimes ‘unsubstantiated’ is no more than a euphemism for ‘uninvestigated’.  

3.	In this case, a 15-year-old girl (who I will call G) told the police and social services that she had been subject to years of gross sexual and physical abuse by her stepfather, who I will call Mr C.  Having done this, she was promptly banished from the family home by her mother and forbidden from having any contact with her four younger siblings.  She then found a home with a kindly neighbour who looked after her for a year, largely at her own expense.  Although the investigating police officer and the girl’s social worker regarded her allegation as credible, she was treated as a child in need and no child protection procedures were invoked; instead, after five months’ absence, it was Mr C who returned to the family home, while G herself remained outside the family.  It might well be asked: what was in it for this young person to confide in the authorities if these were to be the consequences?  

4.	Two months after Mr C’s return, the second child in the family, a now 15-year-old boy who I will call B, told the police and social services that he too had been the victim of exactly the same kind of sexual and physical abuse (though during the earlier investigation he had denied it).  He now corroborated his sister’s account and added that Mr C had also made him engage in extreme sexual activity with her, something she then confirmed.  High among the distressing aspects of the matter, B described how the abuse continued after Mr C was allowed back into the home.  

5.	It was only at this stage that steps were taken to protect B and the three younger children at home by placing them in foster care and starting care proceedings.  That was nearly a year ago.  In the meantime, a decision has been taken by the Crown Prosecution Service that the stepfather is not to be prosecuted for anything.  This long overdue fact-finding hearing in family proceedings is therefore the first opportunity for G and B to hear a decision on their allegations against Mr C and the first opportunity that Mr C has had to defend himself.

6.	In a further, and all-too-familiar twist, G returned abruptly to her mother's care after a year with the neighbour.  By that stage, the mother (who had herself been an abuse victim in childhood) was at home alone and her new-found willingness to ‘believe’ G had everything to do with her own emotional neediness and nothing to do with any real assessment of allegations that she had until then dismissed out of hand.  About two months after G returned to her mother's care, she became pregnant by a much older boyfriend who she had only just met.    

7.	This purpose of this hearing is to make findings of fact.  Further assessments will be completed in the light of the findings and welfare decisions will be taken for the younger children at a final hearing in six weeks’ time.

8.	This judgment is structured as follows:

•	Background history
•	The law
•	The parties’ cases
•	Findings of fact
•	Conclusion 

Background history

9.	The mother, who is now aged 36, has five children:

G		now aged 17 
B		now aged 16
C1	now aged 11
C2	now aged 6
C3	now aged 2

10.	The father of G and B is Mr P, who has played little part in their lives and no part in this hearing.

11.	The father of the other three children is Mr C, who has also been stepfather to G and B since they were very young.  He is now aged 32.  He has worked in pubs while claiming benefits.

12.	The mother and Mr C had a fourth child, who sadly died at birth in July 2007.

13.	B has a genetic condition and his diet requires close attention. 

14.	During the course of her evidence, the mother described how she herself had been the victim of sexual abuse at an extremely young age.

15.	There is a wealth of information about this family going back some 15 years and contained in the records of social services, schools, health services and the police.

16.	The history begins in 2000, when Mr C began to live with a young woman who had a baby, born in 1999.  In October 2000, the baby was found to have a skull fracture and inflicted bruising to the ear and jaw.  Care proceedings were taken, in which both the baby’s mother and Mr C were legally represented.  The conclusion was that either one of them could have caused the bruising.  No findings were made in relation to the skull fracture.  

17.	The events concerning that baby are a matter of record only.  They play no part in the local authority’s case or of my consideration of the allegations that have been raised in these proceedings.   

18.	In 2002, when G was aged 3 and B aged 2, their mother began a relationship with Mr C and moved with the children to live with him in February 2003.  Because of Mr C’s previous history, social services carried out an assessment.  The risk posed by him to G and B was considered to be low to medium and in July 2003 they were registered under the category of physical abuse.  Mr C was allowed to remain in the home.

19.	Both G and B describe Mr C as behaving well towards them at the start.  However, a pattern of social services referrals followed.  

•	In 2003, concerns were raised about the neglect of B’s health needs.
 
•	In 2004 and 2005, the school recorded a number of concerns:  
-	B said that his Dad smacked him ’so hard’.
-	G had a mark on her cheek and ‘was very keen not to talk about it’.  
-	B was seen wandering around the playground alone before 8.45 a.m.  
-	G told an adult that she had to make a bottle for the baby in the morning and help B and give him breakfast while the parents were in bed.  
-	G said that her father used B’s blood testing kit on her finger.
-	G had a large bruise on her face that was said to be caused by a cupboard door. 
-	B had a large bruise on his face and said at school that he had fallen out of bed, that he had banged it at a fair, and that he was hurt in a fight at home between his father and another man.

•	In November 2005, B’s name was removed from the child protection register and the Child In Need procedure was to be used to monitor his health needs. 

•	In September 2006, the school noted that B, not yet aged 8, had told two girls to ‘carry on having sex’ and told another girl she had ‘fanny rash’. 

•	In June 2007, the hospital raised concerns because B had missed 13 medical appointments since the beginning of 2006, despite transport being arranged. 

•	In October 2007, G’s school reported that she had said that Mr C had bitten her middle finger to stop her touching the house alarm.   Her finger was swollen and there was a scab.  A s.47 inquiry was begun.  G then said that she had bitten herself and had made the allegation to get Mr C into trouble because she was angry with him for telling her off.  No further action was taken.

•	In October 2010, G said at school that a bruise that had actually been caused when she fell in a park had been caused by Mr C.  An assessment was carried out, concluding in January 2011.  In the course of this, G said that Mr C only hit her when she deserved it and only by giving her a tap on her hand and a light tap on her bum. She said that she needed to be hit as it was the only time she would listen. She spoke fondly of home and raised no concerns.  No further action was taken.

20.	Accordingly, up to the point when G was 13 and B 12, there had been a steady stream of concerns about possible physical mistreatment, though nothing was ever proved.  No concerns arose in respect of the two younger children, by then aged 6 and 2.

21.	In May 2010, the family moved to its last address.

22.	Matters then moved in another direction.  In August 2011, the police attended the family home after a statement by a neighbour that Mr C was sexually abusing G.  G was spoken to in the street with her mother and Mr C nearby. She denied making any allegation.  Mr C was arrested.  The mother began to shout at G.  The officer decided that a Police Protection Order was necessary.  G was then spoken to again and said the allegations were untrue and that she had made them up in order to fit in.  As a result, Mr C was released from custody without interview and the PPO was removed.

23.	In January 2013, the youngest child was born.  

24.	On 1 July 2013, the NSPCC made a referral to the local authority following a report by an anonymous friend that G was being sexually abused by her step-father, and that it had been going on since 2012.  Her mother was said to know about it.  The report, which gave details of the allegation, said that if the police were to interview G in front of her parents, she would deny or withdraw the allegation because she was worried about what would happen to her.    

25.	In response, the police attended at the family home late at night.  G was woken up by Mr C and asked questions in front of her mother.  G said she did not know anything about it, had not said anything, and that Mr C had done nothing.  The police assessed the call to the NSPCC as malicious and informed social care.  After limited further inquiries, no child protection concerns were raised and no further action was taken.

26.	On 20 July 2013, G informed a neighbour, Mrs S, that Mr C had been sexually and physically abusing her, giving details.  Mrs S took G, who was very upset, to see two other neighbours and G repeated her account.  The three neighbours told G that she should not say these things if they were untrue.  G insisted that they were, so they then went with her to the family home and told the mother what she had said.  The mother was angry and said that G was an attention-seeker and a liar.  Mr C arrived and denied the allegations.  Mrs S took G to her house, from where G called the police.  She was taken to the police station and interviewed that night.  She then went to stay for two nights with one of the neighbours before moving to live with Mrs D, Mrs S's mother, where she remained for the next year.  This largely unsupported private fostering arrangement was inappropriately described in evidence by Ms W, the social worker at the time, as G "voting with her feet".  In fact she had no option as her mother had openly disowned her, refused to let her stay in the house, and had even to be persuaded to allow the police to collect some of her clothing over the following days.  Until the end of the year, B gave G the cold shoulder at school.  It was not until the summer of 2014 that G was allowed to have contact with the three younger children, something that greatly distressed her. 

27.	On a later occasion during the summer of 2013, G told Mrs S that Mr C had raped her and that on one occasion he had made her and B have sex with each other.

28.	On 3 September, the mother informed the police that she and Mr C had always got on and that there had been no domestic incidents between them.

29.	On 4 September, G told Mrs D that Mr C had raped her.

30.	G was interviewed by police officers under the Achieving Best Evidence procedures on 20 July and 15 September.  During these interviews she described regular and persistent sexual abuse by Mr C of the most serious kind, over several years, including:

•	Fondling her breasts with his hands and mouth
•	Inserting his fingers into her vagina
•	Inserting his penis into her vagina
•	Asking her to masturbate him
•	Covering her mouth with his hand to prevent her from shouting for help
•	Threatening her with violence if she told anyone
•	Offering her money if she co-operated

31.	She also alleged that Mr C had regularly physically assaulted her by punching, hitting, slapping and kicking her.  She said that this sexual and physical abuse had gone on over many years and that the mother had been fully aware of it and allowed it to continue.

32.	The DVD recordings of these and later interviews were not seen by any of the social workers or family members until they were finally fully disclosed by the police in October 2014.  The original social worker was unaware that the second interview was taking place and did not know that G alleged rape during the course of it.

33.	Mr C was arrested and interviewed by police on 21 July and again on 23 September 2013.  He denied all the allegations against him.

34.	On 1 August, the local authority held a strategy meeting.  It was decided that the grounds for a Child Protection Conference were not met as the mother was co-operating and Mr C was not in the home.  

35.	On 23 September, G was medically examined by Dr Victoria Evans, forensic paediatrician.  The examination disclosed two notches to the hymen.  It was not possible to say whether these were secondary to penetrative trauma on one or more occasions or whether they were normal variants. 

36.	On 4 October, a Child and Family Assessment undertaken by the social worker, Ms W, concluded with the decision that the family would be supported via a Child In Need Plan pending the outcome of the police investigation.  As part of the assessment G was spoken to, as were the other children.  G said that she felt happy and safe living with Mrs D.  B said that there was no truth in G’s allegations.  The younger children were also spoken to and at a series of meetings work was done to understand their wishes and feelings and to give them keep-safe work.

37.	During this period, B wrote a number of fulsome tributes about and to Mr C: for example "I love you more than the world".  In answer to a question "What is the worst thing about my family?", he wrote "Nothing.  Having [G] near him [Mr C] makes me feel uncomfortable in case she says anything else in relation to rumours/allegations about any of my family."  At the same time, B told the social workers that G was a liar and that she was "sick in the head and needs to see a doctor."

38.	The mother told the social workers that G was a liar.  She flatly denied that G had told her that Mr C was sexually abusing her or that she had ever seen him hit any of the children.

39.	During the preparation of the local authority’s assessment, a meeting took place on 3 October, attended by the mother and by G and B.  G was confronted by her mother and brother calling her a liar, while she insisted that she had told the truth.  She was very distressed.   

40.	On 5 November, the police concluded their investigation and determined that no further action would be taken. They did not refer the matter to the Crown Prosecution Service.  Mr C's bail conditions were rescinded and he gradually returned to live with the mother and the younger four children in December after the keep-safe work had been completed. 

41.	On 20 December, the local authority closed the case.  It referred G to its lowest level of support: Gateway Services.  She was not even considered to be a child in need.  

42.	G was offered counseling, which began on 21 January 2014.  She described ‘years of physical and sexual abuse by stepfather.  He also involved her brother’. 

43.	On 22 February, the family was busy with preparations for the youngest child's christening on the following day.  Mr C and B were together for much of the day, going backwards and forwards between the home and the pub where Mr C was working.  CCTV cameras at both locations enable the timing of these comings and goings to be established.

44.	On 25 February, G approached B at school, saying how much she missed him and the family.  In response, B told her that he was being abused by Mr C.   They agreed that he needed to talk to social services.  

45.	That evening, G was helping at a club for young children.  She told two adult workers that her brother was being sexually abused at home and that things had happened on the previous Saturday (22 February).  She also said that she had been abused herself.  The youth club informed the local authority.  

46.	On 26 February, the social worker, Ms H, went to the school, where B gave details of physical and sexual abuse by Mr C.  He said that he had been too scared to speak out when G made her 2013 allegations but this time he had had enough.   A joint home visit was carried out later by Ms H and DC T.  The mother and Mr C were told of B’s allegations. The mother said she did not believe B.  Mr C was arrested. 

47.	On 27 February, B was interviewed by the police under the ABE procedure.  In his interview he described sexual abuse by Mr C over many years, including:

•	Performing oral sex on him and G
•	Masturbating himself and encouraging B and G to do the same.
•	Touching G’s breasts and vagina
•	Touching B’s penis
•	Forcing B and G to perform oral sex on each other while he masturbated
•	Forcing B to lie on top of G and simulate sexual intercourse while pinning her down so she was unable to move

48.	B also said that he had been physically abused by Mr C over many years.  Like G, he alleged that his mother had known of the physical abuse but had failed to stop it happening and that he had tried to tell her about the sexual abuse years ago but she had not listened. 

49.	On 26 February, B and the three younger children were made subject of Police Protection Orders, removed from the parents’ care and placed in foster care.

50.	Having arrived in foster care, the oldest of the three younger children, then aged 10, said "If somebody says something has happened, it’s not true." 

51.	On 27 February, Mr C was interviewed again by the police and denied all allegations.

52.	On 28 February, the mother made a police statement in which she said that she did not believe Mr C was capable of abusing the children and that she believed that B was being influenced by G.  She said that she had never witnessed anything at home to cause her to suspect that he was sexually or physically abusing them.  She had never witnessed him to hit or assault any of the children, or even to discipline them.  She said that there had been no opportunity for Mr C to have abused B on 22 February.  

53.	On 19 March, G underwent a further ABE interview and repeated her own allegations. She said that B had only just told her of his allegations of sexual abuse.  At the end of the interview, G was told that B’s allegations included allegations that they were made to engage in sexual activity together.  G said that this had happened but that she had not described it before due to shame and embarrassment.

54.	On 21 March, B was medically examined by Dr Denise Smurthwaite, forensic paediatrician, who found no evidence of anogenital injury but concluded that this neither supported nor refuted B’s allegations.  A number of small, non-specific scars were found to the body, including scars on the head, which she concluded were supportive of his account of being assaulted, though not diagnostic or conclusive.

55.	On 8 May, the local authority belatedly issued care proceedings in relation to B and the younger three children and interim care orders were made.

56.	On 22 May, the Children’s Guardian interviewed the mother and Mr C, who firmly presented as a couple.  On the following day, the Guardian was informed that they had separated, which puzzled her.  The parents maintain that they have physically separated since then.  

57.	On 9 June, the mother filed a statement in these proceedings saying that she did not know whether the children's allegations were true.  She said that she had never witnessed any behaviour between Mr C and the children which would give her any reason to be concerned.

58.	In June, G started to make contact with her mother.  In response, the mother contacted G’s father, Mr P, with whom there had been little or no contact for some 10 years.  She asked him to look after G and briefly rekindled her own relationship with him, only for it to end in an incident of domestic violence at 2.30 a.m. on 9 August.  This was witnessed by G, and the police were called.  Neither the mother nor Mr P had informed the local authority of their short-lived reconciliation.

59.	On 23 July, exactly a year after she had started living with Mrs D, G had abruptly left her home without any warning or explanation and with the connivance of her parents had gone briefly to live with Mr P, before moving on to live with her mother after the domestic incident.  She remains there, supporting her mother.  This placement did not have the approval of the local authority, but its ability to influence the situation was no doubt limited by its laissez-faire attitude to the placement with Mrs D. 

60.	On 21 August, the CPS announced that Mr C was not to be prosecuted on the evidence as it stood.  

61.	At a court hearing on 10 October, G came to court with her mother.  She produced a memory card that she said she had found in the kitchen.  Among normal domestic photographs, there is a photograph of B lying on the kitchen floor in his pyjamas.  He is wearing his glasses, but his eyes are shut.  Some form of white material is being forced into his mouth by a pair of adult hands, probably male.  Limited investigations into this photograph continued until the last day of the current hearing.  Forensic examination establishes that the photograph could not have been taken after approximately 9 p.m. on 7 March 2013.  

62.	On 31 October, G discovered that she was pregnant.

63.	On 26 November, the mother filed a statement saying that, having viewed the ABE interviews, she now believed that both children had been abused.  In the same statement, she described witnessing an incident two or three years earlier when she found Mr C seriously physically assaulting G at the bottom of the stairs, to the point that she had to step in between them and had threatened to leave him.
 
The proceedings

64.	Amazingly, it was not until 13 March 2014 -- some nine months after G's initial allegations -- that the local authority lawyers were consulted.  Even then, it took another eight weeks for proceedings to be started.  There were then a large number of case management hearings, largely directed to extracting information from the police.  I agree with the conclusion reached by the local authority and the officer in the case that there should have been an early meeting between the local authority lawyers and the police so that the latter's files could be inspected.  As it was, police disclosure was still arriving on the eve of the hearing.

65.	On 22 October, a psychological report in relation to the ABE interviews was received.  This had been authorised by the court and has been referred to as a “validation exercise” or “veracity assessment”.  I have addressed this issue in a separate judgment, reported at [2015] EWFC 8.
 
66.	On 31 October, the case was transferred for hearing at High Court level due to its complexity.

67.	On 4 December, I determined an application by Mr C for a direction that both G and B should give evidence.  G had previously been willing to give evidence, but had changed her mind in the light of the stress she was experiencing and her recent pregnancy.  B has been willing to give evidence throughout.  I directed that both children should give evidence and fixed a ground rules hearing for 13 January.  At that hearing, arrangements for the children to give evidence via a video link were agreed and approved, as were the general topics and nature of questioning that they would face.  Both children visited the courtroom and video suite a few days before they gave evidence.

68.	The hearing itself took place over a period of ten days.  At the outset, I viewed and read G’s three recorded interviews, which together last about 2½ hours, and B’s interview, which lasts for 1 hour and 20 minutes.  G and B gave evidence on the first two hearing days, with their evidence in each case lasting for a day with a number of breaks.  Although it was an anxious experience for them, both were able to give evidence without undue difficulty, although B tired somewhat towards the end.  Both children were helped by the clear and sensitive way in which they were questioned, notably by Mr Rowley QC on behalf of Mr C.

69.	Evidence was given by Mr C and by the mother, lasting about a day in each case.  In the mother's case, the court had a recent psychological report showing that her intellectual functioning is in the low average/borderline range.  Account was taken of this in counsel’s approach to questioning her, and I bear it in mind as part of the general context of the case.

70.	There were nine other witnesses, namely the three neighbours, Mrs D, the youth club worker, the school pastoral support worker, the two social workers, and the officer in the case.  Their evidence was given over the course of three days.

71.	The parties delivered comprehensive written submissions on the ninth day of the hearing. 

The law

72.	The local authority has presented an extensive schedule of findings reflecting the detail of the children's allegations of abuse against Mr C and the local authority’s allegation against the mother of failure to protect the children.  The burden of proving each and every one of these allegations remains on the local authority and the standard of proof is a simple balance of probabilities.

73.	It is not uncommon for people to tell lies in a case of this kind.  Where someone has lied, the reasons for it must be assessed.  The fact that someone has lied about one thing does not mean that they are untruthful about another thing, still less everything.  The fact that someone gives conflicting accounts of events does not prevent one account from being truthful.  The fact that someone gives inaccurate information in good faith does not automatically invalidate their evidence as a whole.

The parties' cases

74.	The local authority asks the court to prefer the evidence of the children concerning the alleged abuse to that of the mother and Mr C.  It alleges that Mr C has persistently physically and sexually abused the children in the manner they describe, and that their mother failed to protect them, failed to support either of them when they make their allegations and put her own needs for a relationship with Mr C ahead of the needs of her children. 

75.	The mother’s case is that she now believes the children in almost every respect and acknowledges that she should have done more to protect them.  She says that she now feels very strongly that she has ‘let her children down and that she should have done more to listen to them, be there for them and protect them.’  On her behalf, attention is drawn to the psychological report as providing some assistance in interpreting her behaviour and the way in which she gave her evidence.  It is said that she did not receive the help that she should have had from social services to enable her to consider her children's allegations properly.  The local authority not only let down the children, but let her down also.  The lack of child protection procedures or a prosecution will have misled her in relation to the risks.

76.	Mr C's case is that the children's allegations are completely untrue.  At all events, the Court cannot be satisfied to the requisite standard of probability that physical and sexual abuse has occurred.  He contends that he has been a devoted father to all the children.  There is no probative medical evidence.  It is intrinsically unlikely that some of the extensive abuse alleged could have been carried out in such a crowded home.  The mother’s recent conversion to believing the children and attacking Mr C should carry no weight.  G is an unreliable witness who has made complaints and retracted them.  There are contradictions between her account and B’s.  The objective evidence about 22 February shows that B’s account of being abused on that date cannot be true.  

77.	G and B stand by their allegations and on their behalf detailed submissions are made as to their credibility and as to shortcomings in the professional response.

78.	On behalf of the Children's Guardian, it is submitted that the evidence points against Mr C.  The children have remained consistent and do not appear to have exaggerated or embellished their evidence. The adults have been inconsistent in their evidence on major events and issues.  The mother says that she accepts her failure to protect the children but shows little insight into how that was.

Findings of fact

79.	In this case I am satisfied to a very high degree of probability of the following four findings of fact.

80.	(1)  Mr C sexually abused G and B for a period of years up to July 2013 in the case of G and February 2014 in the case of B.  The abuse occurred in the home and at Mr C’s workplaces.  It escalated from touching the children’s private parts, to making them touch his private parts, to fellating B and forcing B to fellate him, to attempted rape and rape of G and attempted buggery of B, and finally to making the children perform sex acts on each other.  The children were forced to take part in these activities and were reduced to silence by Mr C’s threats about the consequences of speaking out. 

81.	(2)  Mr C routinely subjected the two children to physical violence that went beyond, and often well beyond, reasonable chastisement.  This included hitting, kicking, punching, slapping, biting, pushing and even hanging them over the banisters.

82.	I reach these conclusions for the following reasons:

(i)	Both young people were impressive witnesses.  The manner in which they gave their accounts was compelling.  There was no hint of malice.  G spoke clearly, spontaneously and fluently.  Her account was detailed, physically demonstrative, appropriately embarrassed and emotionally in keeping with what she was describing.  She spoke naturally, correcting her questioner in small ways where necessary, sometimes to Mr C’s advantage.  There were embedded details and emotions that could not have been invented.  Her repeated statement that she ‘admitted’ taking part in sexual activity was sadly touching and absolutely authentic.  B too spoke in an unforced way, giving clear and flowing accounts and communicating difficult events both verbally and by demonstrating them with his hands.  His solemn manner was in tune with what he had to tell, with occasional moments of wry humour.  Like his sister, his evidence was sprinkled with small indicators of genuine memories.  Having watched these young people describing their painful experiences over the course of several hours, I believed them.

(ii)	The actions and words attributed to Mr C have a very large number of arrestingly distinctive features that could not have been invented by these children.  They were not precocious or worldly-wise and would have no other way of knowing that this is how paedophiles act and talk.

(iii)	There is a core of consistency in the accounts given by the children, individually and collectively.   The accounts fitted together securely, but not slickly in a way that would suggest collusion.  There were some inconsistencies about important details, for example their respective body positions when they were made to engage in sexual activity with each other.  On behalf of Mr C, Mr Rowley QC and Mrs Hughes rightly draw attention to this and other examples.  I am not troubled by the numerous variants within the evidence.  They are entirely consistent with what one would expect from children who have been chronically abused.  The accounts cover a very large number of highly-charged occasions over a very long period.  As B said at one point, things get blurred.  Young people cannot be expected to give a photographic replay of sequences of similar but varying events and get all the distasteful details right.  Assessment of such evidence cannot only focus on the level of precision with which children give descriptions, but calls for a much broader survey of all the relevant features.  

(iv)	The evidence relating to B’s allegation of having been abused on 22 February 2014 nonetheless calls for special consideration.  I find that B is unlikely to be correct about abuse having happened on that particular date.  Given the general level of activity in the home, this was an occasion when the opportunity for abuse was much reduced.  An analysis of the CCTV evidence shows that Mr C and B were only together at home for three uninterrupted periods of about half an hour each on that day, during which there were specific active preparations for the following day’s christening.  It is said on Mr C's behalf that the failure of this allegation, which might be described as the one most susceptible to proof or disproof, amounts to a fatal blow to B’s credibility.  I do not agree.  The manner and content of B’s allegation that the abuse continued after G left the home strongly persuades me that it is true, and that the continued abuse is what ultimately prompted him to speak out.  By far the most likely explanation for this aspect of the evidence is that B was mistaken about the date.

(v)	The allegations have not only been broadly consistent but also persistent.  G has been making allegations against Mr C since 2011.  Until late July 2013, she withdrew them in the face of scornful disbelief and inadequate professional investigation.  For her to have withdrawn her allegations (with no plausible reason given) in the face of such pressure does not make it likely that they are untrue.  Significantly, since G and B stopped living with Mr C, they have robustly maintained their allegations. 

(vi)	While there is no burden on Mr C to supply an explanation for the children to have made false allegations, it is relevant that there is absolutely no plausible motive for them to have done so.  On the contrary, the consequences for G of making, remaking and maintaining her allegations have been desperately hard.  Likewise, B made his allegations in full knowledge of what had happened to G, but nonetheless maintains them at great cost to himself.  The only conceivable reason for these children to have behaved in this way is because the continued sexual and physical abuse finally became too much to bear.  

(vii)	There is in my view no good evidence that G has been a child who is particularly prone to telling lies.  The evidence of the school pastoral support worker suggested that any such statement is no more than an accumulation of rumour.  However, after the 2013 allegations this rumour was often mentioned as if it was a fact and this may have made it easier for professionals not to take action.  As to B, there is no suggestion from any quarter that he is an untruthful young person.

(viii)	Mr C had every opportunity to carry out sexual and physical abuse because of the amount of time available to him over the years and the complete failure of the mother to protect the children.

(ix)	Mr C was in every way a thoroughly unimpressive witness.  He was clearly determined to defend himself by repeatedly saying that he had no idea why the children should have done this.  Had he actually felt this, he would have shown bafflement at what had happened and a desperate curiosity to know what had gone wrong.  There was not a hint of any of that in his evidence, which largely consisted of stonewalling denials.  He pretended not to remember the many occasions on which child protection concerns had been raised down the years.  His mask as a mild-mannered victim of circumstances occasionally slipped, showing flashes of anger and spite, particularly when describing neighbours who had frustrated his plans by helping G.  

(x)	On his own account, Mr C is a habitual, deliberate liar.  Examples of this are:

-	lies to the police and the court about his level of involvement in the 2001 proceedings: G97 & 214.
-	lies to the court about previous involvement with social services: C119.
-	lies to the police about his work record: G78, C260.
-	lies to the police and the court about his physical discipline of the children:  G70, C118 & 213.  [At C118, this lie is cheek by jowl with his denial of sexual abuse.] 
-	lies to the police about violence to B at the school gate: G97.

(xi)	I exclude from my overall consideration the puzzling evidence about the photograph of B at F307.   While the content, described above, is deeply concerning and while I suspect that Mr C, and maybe B and the mother, may know more about this than they have been willing or able to say, I find myself unable to reach any safe conclusion.  It is possible that this photograph represents a small window into an even more disturbing world, but the evidence for that is as yet insufficient.  The matter has not, so far as I am aware, been thoroughly investigated by the police and I prefer to say no more about it.

83.	(3)  The mother is guilty of a grave failure to protect G and B from the sexually and physically abusive behaviour of Mr C.  She knew that they were being physically abused and suspected that they were being sexually abused.  She witnessed physical violence towards them on more occasions than she admits.  At separate times when they were younger, both children clearly told her that Mr C was sexually abusing them.  She turned a blind eye.  Had she told the authorities what she knew, rather than concealing it for Mr C's benefit, the children's ordeal would have been much shorter and less damaging.  After G made her allegations, the mother colluded with Mr C to discredit her, coach the other children to say that she was a liar, and punish her by cutting off all family contact.

84.	I reach those conclusions for these reasons:

(i)	Making full allowance for her cognitive disadvantages and unhappy personal history, the mother was a troubling witness.  She showed a good deal of anger, little sign that she is afraid of Mr C, and little or no understanding of the children's feelings or experiences.  Her repeated statement that she should have been there for them was, I am afraid, hollow.  She was unable to explain why she had dismissed their allegations out of hand.  She untruthfully pretended that she had not washed her hands of them.  Her denial of their clear accounts that they had warned her of what was going on was especially unconvincing.  She instead became more animated when discussing the possibility that they were unreliable in certain respects.  

While the mother needs help and explanation with complex issues, I am quite satisfied that she had the capacity to heed the children’s warnings and act on the things that she saw for herself.

All this raises real doubt as to whether she genuinely believes G and B, and whether she has separated emotionally from Mr C, matters that will require further assessment.  Her complacent attitude towards her highly vulnerable 16-year-old daughter continuing a relationship with a 25-year-old man and then becoming pregnant will also need consideration, as will her willingness to get back together with Mr P and her connivance in separating G from a placement with Mrs D where she was perhaps experiencing decent parenting for the first time in her life -- knowing that G does not see it that way does not alter the fact.  

(ii)	The mother has chosen to be untruthful about important matters, when truthful information from her could have helped protect the children.  An obvious example is her repeated denial that she had never seen anything concerning in Mr C's behaviour towards the children.  During her evidence, she gave a vivid description of the occasion when Mr C beat G up at the bottom of the stairs, something she revealed for the first time just two months ago.  Her explanation was that she had forgotten about this when making formal statements over the course of the previous 18 months.  This was so unbelievable that it is worrying that she should imagine that anyone would believe her.  Likewise, her last-minute acceptance that the children may have told her about sexual abuse but that she may not have been listening or heard them because she was more concerned about cleaning the house showed her unwillingness or inability to face up to her own responsibility.

(iii)	It is not possible to place any weight on the mother's statements about whether or not she believed the children.  As she knew that abuse was occurring, her violent reaction to their allegations can only have reflected fear about the consequences of exposure for the family.  After G and B left home, her continued loyalty to Mr C dominated her thinking.  Her decision to separate from him cannot have been based upon any real thought about his guilt or innocence.  In the same way, her decision to get G back home gave no thought to her daughter’s real needs but sprung entirely from her own isolation and unhappiness.

(iv)	I am less surprised at the mother's weak efforts to ensure that B consistently received the medical treatment that was on offer, as her limitations and the extent of her other responsibilities for a growing family provides some explanation. 

85.	(4)  Despite clear warning signs, the statutory agencies did not protect these children.  Further significant harm thereby came to G by being excluded from the home and to B by remaining there.

86.	The following is a non-exclusive list of the practice issues raised by the evidence:

(i)	The actions of the police in August 2011 and on 1 June 2013 can only be described as cack-handed.  By twice being confronted unexpectedly in the presence of the adults, G was effectively dropped in it.  Instead of protecting her, these actions made her situation at home even worse and made it even harder for her to speak about what was happening to her. 

(ii)	Against a background of chronic concerns and previous sexual abuse allegations, the social work assessment of the allegations that G made in July 2013 was superficial and inadequate.  As a result, the decision to treat these children as children in need, and subsequently to downgrade their status even further, was plainly wrong.  There was no risk assessment whatever.  There was no analysis of the issues, merely a recital of facts with no conclusions being drawn – see C270.  There was no thinking.  There was clear evidence in the form of G’s allegations and the family’s striking response that demanded the invocation of child protection procedures.  Instead, G’s emotional needs were forgotten while Mr C returned to the home and in the mother’s telling words "everything settled down". Had a Child Protection Case Conference been called, it would have been an opportunity for an experienced multidisciplinary assessment of this abnormal situation.  Proper consideration could have been given to the real needs of this sibling group.  G’s anomalous situation in living without contact with her family in an unregulated private fostering arrangement could have been improved.  B could have been protected.

(iii) 	It is disturbing to consider G's situation at meetings such as the one that took place on 3 October 2013, where she was made to face the hostility of her family.  It is no wonder that she was so distressed.    

(iv)	It is entirely unsatisfactory that no social worker viewed any of the ABE interviews until October 2014.  It is a serious imposition on children to record them speaking about such sensitive matters.  The least that they can expect is that their social worker will watch and listen to what they have had to say.  If crucial evidence of this kind is not absorbed, it is not surprising if misjudgments follow.

(v)	The social workers should certainly have asked for legal advice in 2013, well before the case was closed.  

(vi)	Although Ms H became the children's social worker back in October 2013, I am in no way critical of the way that she has carried out her responsibilities.  This demanding case was the first to be allocated to her as a newly qualified social worker.  She was entitled to rely on her manager for supervision and guidance.  The local authority has had the opportunity to present evidence showing what that amounted to, but it has not done so.  Having heard Ms H give evidence, the first time that she has done so in any case, I was impressed by her grasp of the issues and her willingness to learn from experience.  She inherited a case that had already taken the wrong path and she is not personally or professionally responsible for the consequences.  

Conclusion

87.	The threshold conditions for intervention in the case of B and the younger three children are overwhelmingly met on the basis of my first three findings of fact.  

88.	I direct that a copy of this judgment is disclosed to the police, the CPS and the local authority’s senior social services management.
 
89.	I will now hear from the parties as to the preparations for the final stage of these proceedings.

Postscript (11 March 2015)

90.	Further assessments have established that the mother cannot meet the needs of the children, that Mr C continues to deny all allegations against him, and that a close relative is able to meet the needs of the three younger children.  

91.	With the consent of all parties, care orders were made in relation to all four children.  

92.	B (16) remains in foster care, with his wish to return to live with his mother being kept under active review, and with a plan for regular contact with G and the younger children.  

93.	The younger children (11, 6 and 2) have been placed with a relative with a plan for supervised contact with their mother six times a year and with their father, Mr C, four times a year, and with regular contact with G and B .  The intention is that a Special Guardianship Order might be made in favour of the relative in due course.

94.	The local authority has been notified of damages claims on behalf of G and B.

95.	G (17) has moved away to live with her father and her boyfriend.  Her baby is due in the summer.  

Further postscript (14 December 2015)

96.	On 8 December, the local authority was informed by the CPS that the matter had been considered by a Category 4 independent prosecuting barrister, who concurred with the view of the original CPS lawyer and that of the in-house specialist senior counsel that the Evidential Stage for prosecution as set out in the Code for Crown Prosecutors is not met and that accordingly no charges are to brought against Mr C unless further and compelling evidence came to light.

97.	In the light of this, I release this judgment for publication on Bailii in accordance with the President’s Guidance on the publication of judgments in family proceedings.