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	England and Wales High Court (Patents Court) Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> England and Wales High Court (Patents Court) Decisions >> Global Flood Defence Systems Ltd & Anor v Johan Van Den Noort Beheer BV & Ors [2016] EWHC 1851 (Pat) (26 July 2016) URL: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Patents/2016/1851.html Cite as: [2016] Bus LR 1144, [2016] WLR(D) 415, [2016] EWHC 1851 (Pat)

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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE
CHANCERY DIVISION
PATENTS COURT

		Appeal Nos: CH-2016-000034, CH-2016-000040 Rolls Building Fetter Lane, London EC4A 1NL
		26 July 2016

MR JUSTICE ARNOLD :

Introduction

1. These appeals from orders of His Honour Judge Hacon sitting in the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court raise two difficult issues in the law of groundless threats of patent infringement proceedings. The first issue is whether, if one person (A) threatens another person (B) with proceedings for infringement of a granted patent at a time when A only has a pending patent application, it is open to A to attempt to justify that threat once the patent has been granted. If the answer is that A can seek to justify the threat, the second issue is what to do about the timing of the trial of the issue of justification.
2. The reason why these issues arise is that it is commonplace for a period of some years to elapse between the date on which a patent is applied for and the date on which the patent is granted. In the United Kingdom, the proprietor cannot bring proceedings for infringement unless and until the patent has been granted. Once the patent has been granted, however, the proprietor can retrospectively claim relief dating back to the date of publication of the application (subject to questions of limitation).

Factual background

3. The Second Defendant ("Mr van den Noort") is the inventor of a product called a self-closing flood barrier ("the SCFB"). Mr van den Noort is owner and managing director of the First Defendant ("BV"). On 13 May 2008 BV filed a patent application in respect of the SCFB in the Netherlands. On 2 April 2009 BV filed an international patent application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty claiming priority from the Dutch patent application which was published under number WO 2009/13922 on 19 November 2009. The international application entered the regional phase in December 2010. On 14 May 2011 it was published as European Patent Application No. 2 315 880 designating many Contracting States of the European Patent Convention, including the United Kingdom ("the Application").
4. In November 2010 BV and the First Claimant ("Global Flood") entered into a licence agreement ("the Licence"). Global Flood was jointly owned by Mr van den Noort and the owners of the Second Claimant. Under the Licence, Global Flood was exclusively licensed under the Application inter alia to make and distribute the SCFB. For a little over three years the Claimants manufactured and supplied SCFBs under the Licence. In December 2013 the commercial relationship broke down. The Licence was terminated in either January or February 2014. Thereafter the Claimants stopped selling the SCFB and started selling an alternative product called a self-activating flood barrier.
5. In February and March 2014 Mr van den Noort and BV made certain threats of patent infringement proceedings. These were contained in three notices posted on BV's website on 17 February 2014, 4 March 2014 and 7 March 2014 and in a letter to Sir Peter Luff MP dated 3 March 2014. For present purposes, it is sufficient to refer to the second website notice, which included the following passage:

"Global Flood Defence Systems Ltd and UK Flood Barriers Ltd are, however, still marketing the Self Closing Flood Barrier as is shown on their website.

At this stage, we have taken legal proceedings against Global Flood Defence Systems Ltd and UK Flood Barriers Ltd for infringing our patent rights as well as our intellectual property rights.

Under these circumstances we need to advise you that infringements of our patents by any party (also buyers), without our explicit and written approval, will be brought to court."

The letter to Sir Peter Luff contained a similar passage.

6. Mr van den Noort and BV accept the judge's finding that these were threats of imminent proceedings for infringement of a granted patent. They also accept that the Claimants are aggrieved by the threats.

Procedural history

7. On 6 May 2014 the Claimants started proceedings against BV, Mr van den Noort and the Third Defendant for groundless threats. The claim against the Third Defendant was settled at an early stage. Accordingly, in the remainder of this judgment I shall refer to BV and Mr van den Noort as "the Defendants". The Defendants counterclaimed for royalties due from Global Flood under the Licence and for a declaration that a trade mark was invalid. The Claimants then amended their claim to add an allegation of misrepresentation.
8. On 17 October 2014 the Claimants applied for summary judgment in respect of their claim for threats against the Defendants. This application was heard on 21 January 2015. The Claimants' main argument in support of the application for summary judgment was that, as matter of law, the threats could not be justified because they were threats of proceedings for infringement of a granted patent whereas the Application had not been granted. In a reserved judgment handed down on 29 January 2015 ([2015] EWHC 153 (IPEC)) the judge rejected this argument.
9. After the handing down of the judgment, there was a case management conference. The judge granted the Claimants an interim injunction restraining the Defendants until judgment from threatening any person with proceedings for patent infringement where the Claimants were aggrieved by such threats. He also gave directions for the conduct of the proceedings, and fixed the trial for 8 and 9 December 2015, which was the next available slot for a two-day trial in the IPEC diary. Among the directions he made was one for a further case management conference in October 2015.
10. Although the judge granted the Claimants permission to appeal against the dismissal of their summary judgment application on the ground that the threats were incapable of justification, the Claimants did not at that stage pursue the appeal because they thought it unlikely that the Application would be granted by the trial. BV requested the European Patent Office to expedite the processing of the Application, however.
11. The second case management conference was held on 5 October 2015. The Defendants applied to adjourn the trial of the threats claim in order to allow time for the Patent to be granted. The judge declined to adjourn the trial of the threats claim for the reasons discussed below.
12. On 19 November 2015 the EPO issued a decision to grant the Application. This meant that the form of the claims was fixed, and the patent would be granted in that form on 16 December 2015. European Patent No. 2 315 880 ("the Patent") was duly granted on 16 December 2015. I was informed that since then the Claimants have commenced opposition proceedings in respect of the Patent in the EPO.
13. At the start of the trial on 8 December 2015, the Defendants renewed their application for the trial of the threats claim to be adjourned. The judge acceded to this application for the reasons he subsequently gave in a reserved judgment handed down on 1 February 2016 ([2016] EWHC 99 (IPEC)). That judgment also dealt with the aspects of the trial that went ahead, which are not relevant for present purposes.
14. In the order he made following the handing down of his second judgment, the judge gave directions for the trial of the threats claim, including permitting the Defendants to re-amend their Defence and Counterclaim to include "any additional defences which such Defendants may wish to rely upon in the light of the fact that European Patent No. 2315880 has been granted". The judge refused the Claimants permission to appeal against the decision to adjourn the trial.
15. On 11 April 2016 Warren J granted the Claimants an extension of time for filing an appellants' notice to pursue the appeal against the dismissal of their summary judgment permission for which had been granted by the judge, and granted the Claimants permission to appeal against the judge's order adjourning the trial. In the light of this order the parties agreed a stay of the threats claim until the appeals had been determined.

Relevant provisions of the Patents Act 1977

16. Section 69 of the Patents Act 1977, which is headed "Infringement of rights conferred by publication of application", provides, so far as relevant:

"(1) Where an application for a patent for an invention is published, then, subject to subsections (2) and (3) below, the applicant shall have, as from the publication and until the grant of the patent, the same right as he would have had, if the patent had been granted on the date of the publication of the application, to bring proceedings in the court or before the comptroller for damages in respect of any act which would have infringed the patent; and (subject to subsections (2) and (3) below) references in sections 60 to 62 and 66 to 68 above to a patent and the proprietor of a patent shall be respectively construed as including references to any such application and the applicant, and references to a patent being in force, being granted, being valid or existing shall be construed accordingly.

(2) The applicant shall be entitled to bring proceedings by virtue of this section in respect of any act only—

(a) after the patent has been granted; and

(b) if the act would, if the patent had been granted on the date of the publication of the application, have infringed not only the patent, but also the claims (as interpreted by the description and any drawings referred to in the description or claims) in the form in which they were contained in the application immediately before the preparations for its publication were completed by the Patent Office."

17. Section 70, which is headed "Remedy for groundless threats of infringement proceedings", provides, so far as relevant:

"(1) Where a person (whether or not the proprietor of, or entitled to any right in, a patent) by circulars, advertisements or otherwise threatens another person with proceedings for any infringement of a patent, a person aggrieved by the threats (whether or not he is the person to whom the threats are made) may, subject to subsection (4) below, bring proceedings in the court against the person making the threats, claiming any relief mentioned in subsection (3) below.

(2) In any such proceedings the claimant or pursuer shall, subject to subsection (2A) below, be entitled to the relief claimed if he proves that the threats were so made and satisfies the court that he is a person aggrieved by them.

(2A) If the defendant or defender proves that the acts in respect of which proceedings were threatened constitute or, if done, would constitute an infringement of a patent

(a) the claimant or pursuer shall be entitled to the relief claimed only if he shows that the patent alleged to be infringed is invalid in a relevant respect;

(b) even if the claimant or pursuer does show that the patent is invalid in a relevant respect, he shall not be entitled to the relief claimed if the defendant or defender proves that at the time of making the threats he did not know, and had no reason to suspect, that the patent was invalid in that respect."

The first appeal: can the threats be justified?

18. The Claimants contend that, on the true construction of section 70, a threat of proceedings for infringement of a granted patent made at a time when the person making the threat only has a pending patent application is incapable of justification under section 70(2A). The Defendants contend that the judge was right to reject this argument.
19. There is no direct authority on this issue. The closest is Brain v Ingledew Brown Bennison & Garrett. That case primarily involved the following threat:

"The purpose of this letter is to ensure that you are aware that the patent application has been made, that if granted it will have retrospective effect, and to give you notice that our client intends to take appropriate action to restrain the infringement of its rights … as well as seeking damages for all past such infringements …."

Thus the threat in Brain involved (a) a statement that there was a patent application and (b) a threat to sue if and when the patent was granted for remedies in respect of both post-grant and pre-grant acts.

20. The plaintiff brought proceedings in respect of the threat. The defendants applied to strike out the claim as disclosing no reasonable cause of action. The defendants argued inter alia that the threat was a threat in respect of a pending published application, and that such threats were not actionable. This argument had two main strands. The first concerned the difference in wording between section 69(1) and section 70(2). (This was prior to the amendment of section 70 by the Patents Act 2004 to replace what was then subsection (2) with the current (2) and (2A), but the changes are not material for present purposes.) The second strand concerned the history of the legislation, and in particular the omission of the words "or of rights arising from the publication of a complete specification" which appeared in section 65(2) of the Patents Act 1949 from section 70(2) of the 1977 Act.
21. Jacob J rejected this argument for the following reasons ([1995] FSR 552 at 556):

"I think the argument is flawed. Section 70 continues to refer to a threatener who has no patent rights at all—'whether or not the proprietor of, or entitled to any right in, a patent'. ... It is now clear that even if the threatener has no patent at all he can be guilty of threats. I see no reason why, just because he has a pending application, he can be in a better position. I think a construction of the Act whereunder a party may not threaten until his patent application is published, he may threaten whilst the application is processed further, but if the patent is granted or refused he may not threaten again, too absurd to be credible. To let the justification provision govern the main provision is to let the tail wag the dog.

Why then, did Parliament drop the explicit reference to justification in respect of acts done in the intervening period? There are two possibilities. First it took the view that a man with only a published application ought not to be able to threaten at all—he must wait until he gets his patent. Secondly it took the view that the reference was unnecessary: that 'an infringement of a patent' in section 70(2) should be purposively construed as including the contingent right to sue for damages granted by section 69(1). In favour of the former construction I see some sense in saying that threats cannot be justified unless and until the patent is granted. Only then will the final form of the claims be known. And if a threat in respect of an intervening act is made and a patent is finally granted, in practice the threatenee would be unlikely to prove any damage. But in the end I prefer the latter construction. It involves reading section 70(2) loosely—as permitting the defendant threatener to prove, once the patent is granted, that the intervening acts would have infringed if the patent had already been granted. He will have rights in respect of such acts which are in effect deemed infringements. This is the most rational regime and I think the one Parliament intended."

22. For good measure, Jacob J went on at 556-557 to hold that the threat in question was not merely a conditional threat of proceedings to claim relief under section 69, but also a conditional threat of proceedings to claim conventional relief for patent infringement (in particular, an injunction) which was not caught by the defendants' argument.
23. Both parties appealed against different aspects of Jacob J's decision. On the appeal, the defendants did not challenge his conclusion that the threat fell within the scope of section 70(1) and was therefore actionable. Nevertheless, Aldous LJ indicated both that he agreed with Jacob J's reasoning in the first paragraph I have quoted and that he considered that a threat made prior to grant would be understood as a threat to bring proceedings after grant ([1996] FSR 341 at 347-348).
24. The plaintiff challenged Jacob J's conclusion that it was open to the defendant to justify the threat under section 70(2). The plaintiff argued that it was not practical to read section 70(2) in that way, because only when the patent was granted would it be possible for the court to decide whether acts in question infringed both the granted claims and the published claims, as required by section 69(2).
25. Aldous LJ rejected this argument for the following reasons (at 348):

"Section 70 is designed to prevent groundless threats of patent proceedings being made. Thus it would be illogical to construe section 70 as giving rights to a person threatened with proceedings for infringement of a patent albeit in respect of pre-grant acts, if the threatener could not establish that his threats were proper. That illogicality does not in my view arise. Section 70(2)(a) allows the threatener to avoid liability if he proves that the acts in respect of which the proceedings were threatened constitute or if done would constitute an infringement of a patent. The acts, to be an infringement, must fall within section 60. That section is to be read subject to section 69. Thus a threat of the type contemplated in this case, is a threat to bring proceedings when the patent is granted for acts which are actionable acts by reason of section 69. No difficulty arises in deciding whether the threats can be justified, provided appropriate steps are taken to ensure the patent is granted before the action comes to trial. If, however, there is an extraordinary delay in grant of the patent, the court could perhaps look at the published specification and decide, upon the balance of probabilities, whether the alleged acts will infringe the patent when granted and whether a valid patent will be granted."

26. Hobhouse LJ expressed reservations about the last sentence of this passage, saying (at page 355):

"… whilst I agree with Aldous L.J. that section 70 applies in full to a threat made before a patent has been granted and the re[a]sons which he has given, I would require to hear further argument before concluding that in an action under section 70 the issues under section 70(2) can, in the event of delay, properly be decided in advance of the grant of any patent on the balance of probabilities. I am not convinced that this would be a satisfactory approach or consistent with principle."

Beldam LJ agreed with both judgments.

27. Counsel for the Claimants submitted that the present case was distinguishable from Brain, because it was concerned with a threat to bring imminent proceedings for patent infringement at a time when the person making the threat could not bring such proceedings because he only had a patent application, whereas Brain concerned a contingent threat to bring proceedings for patent infringement (whether for conventional relief or relief under section 69) if and when the patent was granted. I accept that the two cases are distinguishable, but it does not necessarily follow that the reasoning in Brain is of no assistance.
28. As is common ground, the resolution of the issue in the present case depends on the construction of section 70(2A). This provides a defence of justification (subject to questions of validity) where the defendant proves that "the acts in respect of which proceedings were threatened constitute or, if done, would constitute an infringement of a patent".
29. Counsel for the Claimants argued that the acts in respect of which proceedings were threatened in this case could not be acts which would constitute an infringement of a patent if done because, at the time they were or would be done (i.e. at or shortly after the time the threats were made), at best they could only be acts which gave rights under section 69 of the Act.
30. He also argued that this interpretation was supported by three further considerations. First, it had the benefit of certainty. A threat to sue for infringement of a patent, when no patent had been granted, would be an unlawful threat. By contrast, an approach which allowed subsequent justification created uncertainty, since the lawfulness of the threat could not be determined at the time or shortly after the threat is made. Secondly, there was no legitimate reason why a person should wish to make a threat to sue for infringement of a patent, when there was no granted patent on which to sue at the time of the threat. There was therefore no reason to interpret the law in a way which allowed justification of such threats. Thirdly, an approach which permitted subsequent justification would lead to a situation whereby the lawfulness or otherwise of the threat depended upon the date of the trial, which would depend upon the availability of court resources and a number of other matters rather than on the nature of the threat made.
31. Counsel for the Defendants argued that the fallacy in the Claimants' argument was that it read into section 70(2A) a requirement that the actual threat made be justified, whereas there was no such requirement in the section. Section 70(2A) only required that the particular acts complained of in the threat were shown to constitute an infringement of a patent. Thus the statutory test directed the court to look to the nature of the acts which were the subject of the threat and to ask if they were or would be an infringement of a patent. It did not ask the court to assess whether the claimant's actions were or would be the particular infringement asserted in the threat. The words of an alleged threat were therefore only relevant to determining whether or not it was a threat to bring patent proceedings, and if so to identifying the acts that would be the subject of those proceedings. Thus, if a party threatened proceedings for infringement of a particular patent, but it transpired that the acts identified in the threat did not infringe that patent, but infringed a different patent owned by the person making the threat, that would meet the requirements of section 70(2A).
32. He also argued that this interpretation was supported by two further considerations. First, the policy behind section 70 was to penalise persons who caused commercial damage by making threats of patent infringement proceedings where such threats were unjustified, but such threats were not unjustified if the person making the threat was able to obtain relief under section 69. Secondly, the Claimants' real complaint was that the communications in question contained false statements (namely that BV had a granted patent covering the UK and had already commenced proceedings for infringement against the Claimants), but the remedy for that complaint was to bring a claim for malicious falsehood.
33. In my judgment the judge was correct to hold that the threats in the present case were capable of justification under section 70(2A). My reasons are as follows.
34. First, section 70 creates a tort of strict liability which does not require proof of actual damage in order to be actionable. Furthermore, it acts as a restraint upon commercial freedom of speech. Still further, it represents an obstacle to the negotiation and settlement of patent disputes without resorting to infringement proceedings. Accordingly, the court should be slow to conclude that section 70 makes a class of threats incapable of justification in the absence of clear wording to that effect.
35. Secondly, the vice at which section 70 is aimed is the damage which can be caused to a manufacturer or importer of goods by threats of patent infringement proceedings directed at its customers. Nevertheless it is clear from section 70(2A) that it is lawful to make such threats where they are justified. In considering whether a threat is justified, what matters is whether the person making the threat is ultimately able to obtain relief in respect of the acts in question.
36. Thirdly, as counsel for the Defendants submitted, section 70(2A) requires the court to consider whether the acts in respect of which proceedings were threatened constitute an infringement, not whether the terms of the threat were justified. Counsel for the Claimants did not challenge the proposition that a threat of proceedings for infringement of one patent could be justified by proving that the acts in respect of which the threat was made infringed another patent. Instead, counsel for the Claimants submitted that he did not need to go that far, because a threat to sue on a granted patent when there was no granted patent was different, and more difficult to bring within the language of section 70(2A). I accept those points, but in my view they do not detract from the force of the submission made by counsel for the Defendants.
37. Fourthly, for the three reasons given above, the availability of the defence of justification should not depend on the precise manner in which the threat was expressed, and in particular whether the author of the threat took sufficient care to distinguish between the rights presently conferred by a granted patent and the contingent rights conferred by a patent application if and when it proceeded to grant. In this regard, it should be borne in mind that, as in the present case, proceedings for groundless threats often arise out of incautious statements made by persons who are not lawyers and who have not taken specialist legal advice (and, increasingly often, come from a country whose law with respect to threats of patent infringement proceedings differs from that of the UK).
38. Fifthly, I consider that the words of section 70(2A) are open to the interpretation placed upon them by the Defendants and do not compel the Claimants' interpretation. As Aldous LJ pointed out in Brain, in order to be an infringement, the acts must fall within section 60. As section 69(1) requires, that section must be read together with section 69. It follows that the reference in section 70(2A) to acts which "constitute ... an infringement of a patent" are capable of being understood as extending to infringement of the rights conferred by a patent pursuant to section 69.
39. Lastly, I consider that the most powerful points made by counsel for the Claimants concern the need for certainty and the difficulty that will arise if the patent is not granted by the date of trial. But the force of these points should not be overstated. In any case where the person making the threat seeks to justify it, there may need to be a trial of issues of infringement and/or validity. Thus there can in any event be considerable uncertainty until the court determines these questions. Furthermore, in the event of an appeal, that uncertainty will extend until the decision of the Court of Appeal. Still further, it should be borne in mind that, where the patent (application) in question is a European patent (application), the patent may be subject to opposition proceedings in the EPO which can last for many years. The decisions taken in such opposition proceedings can have the effect of reversing earlier decisions of the domestic courts at least unless damages have been paid (see Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v Zodiac Seats UK Ltd [2013] UKSC 46, [2014] AC 160). In these circumstances the uncertainty can last a long time. The additional potential uncertainty if grant of the patent is still awaited at the date of the threat may be undesirable, but it does not greatly alter the position. As for the point that the availability of a defence should not depend on the trial date, I agree that this is a genuine concern, but for the reasons explained below I do not consider that the problem is insoluble.

The second appeal: was the judge right to adjourn the trial?

40. The judge's decision to adjourn the trial was a case management decision. Accordingly, counsel for the Claimants accepted that he had to show that the judge had erred in principle in exercising his discretion in order to succeed on this appeal.
41. In exercising his discretion the judge was guided by the judgment of Laddie J in Brain v Ingledew Brown Bennison & Garrett (No 2) [1997] FSR 271. Following the decision of the Court of Appeal, the plaintiff asked for particulars of the claims of the patent which were alleged to have been infringed and of the acts alleged to infringe those claims. The defendants' response was that they could not give the particulars requested because they did not know if the patent would be granted or, if so, what the scope of the granted claims would be, and in those circumstances they could not specify what particular acts were alleged to infringe either. The plaintiff then applied to strike out the defence of justification. This application was heard in October 1996 when the trial had already been fixed for February 1997.
42. Laddie J noted the difference between Aldous LJ and Hobhouse LJ in the Court of Appeal on this question. He went on (at 275-276, emphasis in the original):

"Absent a granted patent at the time of trial, I fail to see how a defence under the wording of section 70(2) can arise or be determined. The words of the section make it clear that the defence only arises if the defendant proves that the acts complained of constitute an infringement of a patent. Aldous L.J.'s views on this issue were clearly obiter and, as evidenced by his use of the word 'perhaps', tentative. Furthermore they were not adopted by Hobhouse L.J. In addition I do not consider an inability to run the defence in those circumstances to be unfair on the defendant. A defendant who chooses to issue threats on the basis of a patent application exposes himself to the risk that, if those threats are made the subject of an action under section 70, by the time of the trial he will not have available to him the defence under section 70(2) which he would have had had he held back until his patent had been granted. If he chooses to take the risk of issuing threats on the back of an application and not a granted patent, he cannot complain if, at the date of the trial, one of the statutory defences under the Act is not available to him.

Mr Hamer, who appeared for the defendants, said that he was not enthusiastic about putting forward hypothetical claims, in other words, claims which he thought might be granted at some date in the future. For the reasons I have given, I cannot see how hypothetical claims could provide a defence under section 70(2). Furthermore, it seems to me hopeless for the court to attempt to decide a case on the basis of such hypothetical claims. Mr Hamer conceded that if he put forward hypothetical claims, it would be open to the plaintiff to argue that those claims are unlikely to pass through the European Patent Office either at all or unscathed. Therefore a whole raft of hypothetical questions would have to be addressed by the court. In particular, the court here would have to second-guess whether or not the European Patent Office was likely to accept the hypothetical claims. I assume that it would then have to look at all the objections raised against the application and come to a conclusion not only as to how they are likely to be decided by the EPO but whether the defendant will be required to amend his claims and, if so, in what way. I cannot conceive of that being a proper way to approach the defence under section 70(2).

Alternatively, Mr Hamer said, it would be appropriate to stay the proceedings until such time as the patent had been granted. No application for a stay was raised before me as such. It may be that there will be cases where a final resolution in the EPO is imminent and a short stay may not be improper, but I think the court should be very careful before acceding to any such request. Usually a plaintiff comes to the court to restrain threats because he alleges that his business has been damaged and continues to be damaged by the threats which the defendant has made. As I have already indicated, a defendant who makes such threats when he has no granted patent takes the risk that the injured party will bring proceedings on rapidly for the purpose of putting an early end to the harm to his business. If that happens, it may well be that a defence under section 70(2) will not be available at the time when the court has to determine the issue. I do not think it would be appropriate for me to stay these proceedings, even if that application was properly before me."

43. Laddie J went on to accede to the plaintiff's application, because the plaintiff would not know what case it had to meet if the requested particulars were not given, but the defendants acknowledged that they were unable to give those particulars.
44. While I do not question Laddie J's decision in the circumstances of that case, it seems to me that the last paragraph of the passage I have quoted from his judgment omits a significant consideration, which is the availability of an interim injunction. It is common in threats cases for the claimant to seek and obtain an interim injunction to restrain the making of further threats pending trial. If the claimant is protected by an interim injunction in the meantime, then in most cases it should not be prejudiced by a delay in the trial of the issue of justification until the patent is granted. I recognise, of course, that the claimant must give a cross-undertaking in damages in order to obtain an interim injunction. While in principle the claimant will not want to be exposed to potential liability under the cross-undertaking for an open-ended period, in most cases it is difficult to see what recoverable loss the defendant will have sustained through being wrongly restrained from making threats because the threats turn out to have been justified. There may be cases where the defendant is able to show that it has suffered loss in the form of the costs of having to issue proceedings against other parties which would otherwise have been unnecessary, but this will not be possible if the patent has not yet been granted.
45. Returning to the present case, the judge's reasoning may be summarised as follows. He began by noting that, at the hearing on 29 January 2015, it was recognised that it was unclear whether or not the Application would be granted by the trial date of 8-9 December 2015, and it was for that very reason that provision was made in the order for a second case management conference in October 2015. By then, as the judge put it at [13], "it was hoped, the status or progress of Application 2315880 would be clear and the directions for trial could be adjusted appropriately".
46. He then described the position at the hearing on 5 October 2015 as follows (at [15]):

"On 5 October 2015 the defendants were cautiously optimistic that by 8 December 2015 a decision to grant would have been issued by the EPO. What then? Mr Hicks, who appeared for the claimants at that hearing and at trial, was content to concede that if by the time of the trial Application 2315880 was 'so close to grant that everybody knows exactly what the claims are and there can be no possibility of change', the position would be the same as if the patent had been granted. The transcript of the hearing shows that I did not take this to be a binding concession, but also expressed the view that any argument to the contrary would be difficult. Both sides agreed that because preparation of the threats issue (including the question of validity of any granted patent) had necessarily been put on hold, that issue could not now be decided at the trial to be heard on 8-9 December 2015."

47. Having noted that the Defendants' optimism had been vindicated, in that the decision to grant was issued on 19 November 2015 with grant to follow on 16 December 2015, he proceeded to consider and reject two submissions advanced by counsel for the Claimants. The primary submission was that, if the patent had not been granted by the date fixed for trial, that was the end of the matter because the threats could not be justified. The secondary submission was that no adjournment should be granted in the exercise of the court's discretion having regard to three factors relied on by the Claimants: first, that the Defendants had not prosecuted the Application with due diligence; secondly, that an adjournment would lead to a delay in resolving proceedings commenced in May 2014; and thirdly, that the Defendants had made a further threat since the grant of the interim injunction in a letter dated 12 October 2015.
48. The judge's reasons for rejecting the primary submission were that Laddie J had recognised in Brain (No 2) that there could be cases in which a short stay would be appropriate because grant of the patent was imminent, and that this was a case where the grant was imminent. Accordingly, subject to any countervailing considerations, a stay should be granted.
49. The judge's reasons for rejecting the secondary submission were as follows. Whether the Defendants had prosecuted the Application with due diligence was irrelevant, but in event the Defendants had sought expedition. A delay in the resolution of the proceedings was not ideal, but it was not the Defendants' fault and the Claimants were protected by an interim injunction. He did not consider that the letter dated 12 October 2015 was an actionable threat, but in event it did not alter his view that the Defendants should be given the opportunity to justify their threats.
50. On the appeal, counsel for the Claimants submitted that the judge had erred in principle because nothing had changed since 29 January 2015 when the trial date was set. It was known at that time that the patent might not be granted by 8-9 December 2015, and yet the trial had still been fixed for that date. Moreover, the trial had rightly been fixed for that date since that was the date which would ordinarily be allocated to this case and the Defendants had taken the risk that the patent would not be granted by the trial date when they made the threats. All that had happened subsequently was that the possibility that the patent would not be granted by the trial date had come to pass.
51. I accept the premise of this argument, but not the conclusion which the Claimants seek to draw from it. As the judge explained, it was because the position regarding the grant of the patent was uncertain that provision was made in the order of 29 January 2015 for a second case management conference. The purpose of doing so was to enable the trial directions to be adjusted if appropriate. Plainly, that could have included adjourning the trial of the threats claim. In the event, no decision was taken at the hearing on 5 October 2015. Rather, it was agreed to wait and see if the Defendants were right that a decision to grant would be issued soon. In the event, they were right. Thus, by the trial date, the claims were fixed and grant was imminent. In my view this is precisely the kind of circumstance for which the judge had attempted to make allowance on 29 January 2015.
52. Accordingly, I do not consider that the judge made any error of principle. On the contrary, his decision was well within the ambit of his discretion. Indeed, I entirely agree with it. Given that the grant of the patent was imminent, an adjournment was fully justified. Otherwise, the consequence would be that the Claimants won the threats claim by default even though the Defendants would shortly be in a position to attempt to justify the threats.

Conclusion

53. Both appeals are dismissed.