S.I. No. 46/1951:

STANDARD SPECIFICATION (CONCRETE LAND DRAINAGE PIPES) ORDER, 1951.

STANDARD SPECIFICATION (CONCRETE LAND DRAINAGE PIPES) ORDER, 1951.

I, DANIEL MORRISSEY, Minister for Industry and Commerce, in exercise of the powers conferred on me by subsection (3) of section 20 of the Industrial Research and Standards Act, 1946 (No. 25 of 1946) hereby order as follows :

1. This Order may be cited as the Standard Specification (Concrete Land Drainage Pipes) Order, 1951.

2.--(1) The specification set forth in Part II of the Schedule to this Order is hereby declared to be the standard specification for the commodity described in Part I of the said Schedule.

(2) The said standard specification may be cited as Irish Standard 31 : 1951.

SCHEDULE.

PART I.

CONCRETE LAND DRAINAGE PIPES.

PART II.

SPECIFICATION.

In this specification, the letters I.S., when followed by two sets of numbers, refer to the Irish Standard of which the first is the serial number and the second the year of its promulgation by the Minister for Industry and Commerce.

In this specification, the letters B.S., when followed by two sets of numbers, refer to the British Standard of which the first is the serial number and the second is the year of its publication by the British Standards Institution.

SCOPE.

1. This specification relates to concrete cylindrical pipes for use in the drainage of land. It does not apply to pipes of the type covered by B.S. 1194 : 1944, " Concrete Porous Pipes for Under-Drainage".

CEMENT.

2. The cement used in the manufacture of the pipes shall be Portland cement conforming to the requirements of I.S. 1 : 1949.

AGGREGATE.

3. The aggregate shall consist of naturally occurring sand, gravel or crushed stone or a combination thereof. It shall be hard, strong, durable, clean and free from adherent coatings and shall not contain excessive quantities of flat or elongated particles. It shall not be of a type that is liable to suffer from the action of frost.

The aggregate shall not contain harmful material, including sulphides, sulphates or magnesium compounds, in sufficient quantity to affect adversely the strength or durability of the concrete. Mica, shale, or similar laminated materials or soft particles shall not be present in such a form or in such quantity as to affect adversely the concrete.

Aggregate shall all pass through a 3/8 in. test sieve conforming to I.S 24 : 1950. The grading of the aggregate shall be such as will produce a dense concrete having regard to the cement and water content and the method of consolidation to be used.

When tested as described in Appendix A the quantity of material passing through a No. 200 test sieve conforming to I.S. 24 : 1950 shall not exceed 3 per cent. for natural sand and 5 per cent. for crushed stone.

When tested for organic impurities as described in Appendix B the aggregate shall not show a depth of colour exceeding that of the reference solution.

For the purpose of testing conformity of the aggregate with the requirements of this specification, samples shall be taken as described in Appendix C.

COMPOSITION AND PREPARATION.

4. The concrete used in the manufacture of pipes of 3 in. and 4 in. nominal internal diameter shall contain not less than 112lb. of cement to every 4½ cubic feet of dry aggregate. The concrete used in the manufacture of pipes of 6 in., 9 in. and 12 in. nominal internal diameter shall contain not less than 112 lb. of cement to every 5 cubic feet of dry aggregate. The cement and aggregate shall be mixed thoroughly together first in a dry state and afterwards with a proper proportion of clean water to ensure maximum density. The mixing shall be done in an efficient mechanical mixer.

Material that has been exposed to frost shall not be used until it has attained a temperature of not less than 40°F.

MANUFACTURE.

5. The moulds and method of manufacture shall be such that the form and dimensions of the finished pipes comply with the requirements of this specification. The surfaces and edges of the pipes shall be clean and true, the ends square with the longitudinal axis and the concrete dense and homogeneous. Tamping, pressure, vibration centrifugal action or other effective methods shall be used to consolidate the material.

CURING.

6. The pipes, after leaving the moulds shall be left standing for at least 48 hours in a closed room and protected from draughts. They shall be sprinkled intensively after the hardening process has started and at such intervals as will keep them adequately moist until they are moved from the room. The time of starting the sprinkling shall be from 2 to 6 hours after hardening commences depending on conditions of temperature and humidity.

Alternatively, the pipes after leaving the moulds shall be steam cured for at least 24 hours.

The pipes shall be protected from frost until thoroughly hardened.

STORAGE.

7. The pipes shall be stored for at least six weeks after manufacture and before removal from the manufacturer's premises. During the first four weeks of the storage period the pipes shall be kept continuously in a moist condition by sprinkling.

DIMENSIONS.

8. The pipes shall be circular in cross section and shall have plain butt ends.

The nominal internal diameters of pipes shall be 3 in., 4 in., 6 in., 9 in. and 12 in. The internal diameter throughout the length of any pipe shall not deviate from the nominal internal diameter by more than 1/8 inch.

The lengths of pipes of 6 in. nominal internal diameter and under shall be 9 in., 12 in., 18 in. and 24 in. The lengths of pipes of 9 in. nominal internal diameter and over shall be 12 in., 18 in., 24 in. and 36 in. The lengths shall be subject to a tolerance of plus or minus ¼ inch.

The radial thickness of the walls of the pipes shall be not less than :

5/8 in. for 3 in. and 4 in. diameter pipes,

¾ in. for 6 in. diameter pipes,

⁷/₈ in. for 9 in. diameter pipes, and

1 in. for 12 in. diameter pipes.

The deviation from straightness of a pipe when measured on the inside on a line parallel to the longitudinal axis by means of a straight edge shall not exceed 1/8 in. for any 9 in. length of the pipe.

INSPECTION.

9. The pipes shall be free from cracks, holes, indentations or protuberances and shall have smooth surfaces. When fractured for examination in different places, they shall appear substantially uniform in structure.

Pipes, when stood on end and while dry, shall give a clear ring when tapped with a light hammer.

CRUSHING STRENGTH.

10. The crushing strength of each of the pipes selected in accordance with Clause 12, when tested as described in Appendix D, shall be not less than 1,000 lb. per 12 inch length of pipe.

WATER ABSORPTION.

11. The water absorption of each of the pipes selected in accordance with Clause 13, when tested as described in Appendix E, shall be not greater than 10 per cent.

SELECTION OF PIPES FOR CRUSHING TEST.

12. From each batch of pipes the purchaser or his representative may, if he so desires, select pipes for the crushing test as follows :--two per cent. of the pipes when the batch comprises 500 pipes or less, and if the batch comprises more than 500 pipes, two per cent. of the first 500 and one pipe from every 100 or part thereof beyond that number. Should all the pipes pass the test the whole of the pipes comprising the batch shall be deemed to comply with the crushing test. Should any of the pipes fail to pass the test there shall be selected from the batch, by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, two additional pipes for each pipe that has failed, and if the additional pipes when tested all conform to the test requirements then the whole of the pipes comprising the batch shall be deemed to comply with the crushing test.

The selection of pipes for test may be made, at the option of the purchaser, either at the manufacturer's works or after delivery of the batch of pipes to the purchaser.

Where pipes are selected at the manufacturer's works the manufacturer shall arrange for carrying out the tests and shall bear the cost of the tests and of the pipes used.

Where pipes are selected after delivery to the purchaser the following provisions shall apply : The purchaser shall make arrangements for carrying out the tests. The purchaser shall afford to the manufacturer or his representative all reasonable facilities for observing the selection and testing of the pipes. The cost of the tests and of the pipes used shall be borne ;

(a) by the manufacturer, if the pipes do not pass the test,

(b) by the purchaser, if the pipes pass the test.

SELECTION OF PIPES FOR ABSORPTION TEST.

13. From each batch of pipes the purchaser or his representative may, if he so desires, select for the absorption test one pipe from every 100 pipes or part thereof. Pipes which have been subjected to the crushing test and which have complied with the requirements of that test may be used for the purpose. Should all the pipes pass the test the whole of the pipes comprising the batch shall be deemed to comply with the absorption test. Should any of the pipes fail to pass the test there shall be selected from the batch, by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, two additional pipes for each pipe that has failed, and if the additional pipes when tested all conform to the test requirements then the whole of the pipes comprising the batch shall be deemed to comply with the absorption test.

The selection of pipes for test may be made, at the option of the purchaser, either at the manufacturer's works or after delivery of the batch of pipes to the purchaser.

Where pipes are selected at the manufacturer's works the manufacturer shall arrange for carrying out the tests and shall bear the cost of the tests and of the pipes used.

Where pipes are selected after delivery to the purchaser the following provisions shall apply : The purchaser shall make arrangements for carrying out the tests. The purchaser shall afford to the manufacturer or his representative all reasonable facilities for observing the selection and testing of the pipes. The cost of the tests and of the pipes used shall be borne :

(a) by the manufacturer, if the pipes do not pass the test,

(b) by the purchaser, if the pipes pass the test.

SAMPLING AND TESTING.

14. The manufacturer shall satisfy himself that the pipes comply with the requirements of this specification.

He shall make adequate arrangements for testing the materials and pipes either at his own works or elsewhere.

The purchaser or his representative shall be afforded all reasonable facilities to observe the sampling and the testing of the pipes made to his order and of the materials used in their manufacture.

MANUFACTURER'S CERTIFICATE.

15. If so requested, the manufacturer shall furnish to the purchaser a certificate that the pipes have been made in all respects in accordance with and comply with the requirements of this specification.

APPENDIX A.

Determination of Amount of Material Passing a No. 200 Test Sieve.

The laboratory sample, taken in accordance with Appendix C shall be thoroughly mixed and shall contain sufficient moisture to prevent segregation. A sample sufficient to yield not less than one pound of dried material, shall be selected by quartering from the laboratory sample.

The sample shall be dried to constant weight at a temperature between 100°C. and 110°C. and shall be allowed to cool to room temperature in a desiccator and weighed (Weight A).

The sample shall then be placed in a pan or container and covered with water. The pan or container shall be large enough to permit of vigorous agitation without accidental loss of any part of the sample or of water. The contents of the container shall be agitated vigorously so that the fine material is brought into suspension and the wash water shall then be poured immediately over a No. 14 test sieve and a No. 200 test sieve arranged with the coarser sieve on top. The test sieves shall conform to I.S. 24 : 1950. Care shall be taken to avoid decantation of the coarse particles of the sample. The operation shall be repeated until the wash water is clear. All material retained on the sieves shall be returned to the washed sample.

The washed material shall be dried to constant weight at a temperature between 100°C. and 110°C. and weighed (Weight B).

The results shall be calculated from the following formula :

Percentage of material passing a No. 200 test sieve =

When check determinations are desired, the wash water shall be either evaporated to dryness or filtered through tared filter paper which subsequently shall be dried and the residue weighed (Weight C).

The percentage shall be calculated from the following formula :

Percentage of material passing a No. 200 test sieve =

APPENDIX B.

Determination of Organic Impurities.

The aggregate to be tested shall be used as delivered without drying. A sample weighing 1 lb. shall be selected by quartering from the laboratory sample taken in accordance with Appendix C. A 12 oz. clear glass bottle graduated to ½ oz. shall be filled to the 4½ oz. mark with the sample. A 3 per cent. solution of sodium hydroxide in water shall be added until the volume of the sand and liquid indicated, after shaking, is 7 fluid ounces. The bottle shall be stoppered, shaken vigorously and then allowed to stand for 24 hours.

The amount of organic impurity shall be assessed by the extent to which the liquid above the sand is darker in colour than the reference solution.

The reference solution shall be prepared by adding 2·5 ml. of a 2 per cent. solution of tannic acid in 10 per cent. alcohol to 97·5 ml. of a 3 per cent. sodium hydroxide solution. The solution shall then be placed in a 12 oz. bottle of similar shape to the bottle containing the sample. The bottle shall be stoppered, shaken vigorously, allowed to stand for 23 hours, again shaken, and allowed to stand for a further 1 hour before comparison with the liquid above the sand.

APPENDIX C.

Method for Sampling Aggregate.

A main sample of not less than ½ cubic yard (12 cwt.) shall be obtained by thoroughly mixing together initial samples taken as follows :

(i) In the case of sampling from stock piles, twelve initial samples of about 1 cwt. each from different parts of the stock pile, care being taken to avoid sampling a segregated area of coarse or fine material.

(ii) In the case of sampling from bins, six initial samples of about 1 cwt. each from the top surface of the bin and a single initial sample of about 6 cwt. from the discharging chute.

(iii) When sampling during loading or unloading of a vehicle or boat, twelve initial samples of about 1 cwt. each taken at approximately equal intervals throughout the loading or unloading operation.

The main sample shall be quartered down to a laboratory sample of 1 cwt. and shall be despatched to the testing laboratory, care being taken, to avoid loss of any fine material.

APPENDIX D.

Determination of Crushing Strength.

Each selected pipe shall be placed centrally between, and with its longitudinal axis parallel to two hard unyielding bearers 6 inches wide, with suitable rubber packing 6 inches wide and 1 inch thick between the bearers and the pipe. The bearers shall extend the full length of the pipe.

The load shall be steadily and uniformly applied, starting from zero, and at a rate not exceeding 112 lb. per foot length of pipe per ten seconds until the pipe breaks.

APPENDIX E.

Determination of Water Absorption.

A test piece shall be taken from each selected pipe. The test piece shall be of from 12 to 20 sq. in. in area, measured on the convex side, and shall be as nearly square as possible. The test piece shall be the full thickness of the pipe and shall not show cracks or shattered edges.

The test piece shall be dried in a suitably ventilated drying oven at a temperature of between 100°C. and 110°C. until two successive weighings at intervals of not less than 2 hours show an increment of loss not greater than 0·1 per cent. of the original weight of the test piece.

The dried test piece shall be placed in a suitable receptacle, covered with water, raised to the boiling point, boiled for 5 hours and then cooled in water to a final temperature of from 15°C. to 20°C. When cool, the test piece shall be removed from the water and allowed to drain for not more than 1 minute. The superficial water shall then be removed by a towel or blotting paper and the test piece immediately weighed.

The balance used for weighing shall be sensitive to 0·5 gram when loaded with 1 kg., and weighings shall be read at least to the nearest gram.

The increase in weight of the test piece over its dry weight expressed as a percentage of the dry weight, shall be taken as the water absorption.

GIVEN under my Official Seal this 19th day of February, 1951.

DANIEL MORRISSEY,

Minister for Industry and Commerce.