S.I. No. 300/1984:

EXTRADITION ACT, 1965 (PART II) (No. 20) ORDER, 1984.

EXTRADITION ACT, 1965 (PART II) (No. 20) ORDER, 1984.

WHEREAS by the Treaty on Extradition between Ireland and the United States of America (the terms of which are set out in Part I of the Schedule hereto) signed in Washington on the 13th day of July, 1983, (hereinafter referred to as "the Washington Treaty") an arrangement was made with the United States of America for the surrender of persons wanted for prosecution or punishment for an offence specified in Article II of the Washington Convention;

AND WHEREAS the Washington Treaty was ratified on behalf of Ireland on the 15th day of November, 1984;

AND WHEREAS by the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (the terms of which are set out in Part II of the said Schedule) done at the Hague on the 16th day of December, 1970 (hereinafter referred to as "the Hague Convention"), an arrangement was made with the other countries who are parties to the Hague Convention for the surrender of persons wanted for prosecution or punishment for the offence specified in Article I of the Hague Convention;

AND WHEREAS the Hague Convention was acceded to on behalf of Ireland on the 24th day of November, 1975.

AND WHEREAS by the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (the terms of which are set out in Part III of the said Schedule) done at Montreal on the 23rd day of September, 1971 (hereinafter referred to as the "the Montreal Convention"), an arrangement was made with the other countries who are parties to the Montreal Convention for the surrender of persons wanted for prosecution or punishment for the offences specified in Article 1 of the Montreal Convention;

AND WHEREAS the Montreal Convention was acceded to on behalf of Ireland on the 12th day of October, 1976;

AND WHEREAS the Washington Treaty, the Hague Convention and the Montreal Convention have each been ratified on behalf of the United States of America and it is intended, accordingly, to apply Part II of the Extradition Act, 1965 (No. 17 of 1965), in relation to that country;

NOW, the Government, in exercise of the powers conferred on them by section 8 of the Extradition Act, 1965, hereby order as follows:

1. (1) This Order may be cited as the Extradition Act, 1965 (Part II) (No. 20) Order, 1984.

(2) The collective citation "the Extradition Act, 1965 (Part II) Orders, 1966 to 1984" shall include this Order.

(3) This Order shall come into operation on the 15th day of December, 1984.

2. Part II of the Extradition Act, 1965 (No. 17 of 1965), shall apply in relation to the United States of America.

3. The Extradition Act, 1965 (Part II) (No. 9) Order, 1975 ( S.I. No. 334 of 1975 ), and the Extradition Act, 1965 (Part II) (No. 10) Order, 1976 ( S.I. No. 251 of 1976 ), shall be construed and have effect as if in the First Schedule to those Orders "United States of America," were deleted,

SCHEDULE

PART I

TREATY ON EXTRADITION BETWEEN IRELAND AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The Government of Ireland and the Government of the United States of America, desiring to make more effective the cooperation of the two countries in the supression of crime, agree as follows:

ARTICLE I

Obligation to Extradite

Each Contracting Party agrees to extradite to the other, in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty, but subject to the law of the Requested State and to such exceptions as are therein provided, any persons, including its citizens or nationals, who are wanted for prosecution or the imposition or enforcement of a sentence in the Requesting State for an extraditable offence.

ARTICLE II

Extraditable Offences

1. An offence shall be an extraditable offence only if it is punishable under the law of both Contracting Parties by imprisonment for a period of more than one year, or by a more severe penalty. When the request for extradition relates to a person who is wanted for the enforcement of a sentence of imprisonment, extradition shall be granted only if the duration of the sentence still to be served amounts to at least four months.

2. For the purpose of this Article, if shall not matter:

( a ) whether the laws of the Contracting Parties place the offence within the same category of offence or denominate the offence by the same terminology; or

( b ) whether the offence is one for which United States federal law requires proof of interstate transportation, or use of the mails or of other facilities affecting interstate or foreign commerce, such matters being merely for the purpose of establishing jurisdiction in a United States federal court.

3. Subject to the conditions set forth in paragraph 1 of this Article, extradition shall also be granted for attempt and conspiracy to commit, aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring, inciting, or otherwise being an accessory to the commission of, an offence referred to in paragraph 1.

4. If extradition is granted for an extraditable offence, it may also be granted for any other offence for which extradition is requested that meets all the requirements for extradition other than the periods of imprisonment specified in paragraph 1 of this Article.

ARTICLE III

Place of Commission of Offence

1. Extradition shall not be refused on the ground that the offence for which extradition is requested was committed outside the Requesting State.

2. Extradition may be refused when the offence for which extradition is requested is regarded under the law of the Requested State as having been committed in its territory. If extradition is refused pursuant to this paragraph, the Requested State shall submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution.

ARTICLE IV

Exceptions to Extradition

Extradition shall not be granted in any of the following circumstances:

( a ) when the person whose surrender is sought has been convicted or acquitted, or a prosecution is pending against that person, in the Requested State, for the offence for which extradition is requested;

( b ) when the offence for which extradition is requested is a political offence. Reference to a political offence shall not include the taking or attempted taking of the life of a Head of State or a member of his or her family;

( c ) when there are substantial grounds for believing that a request for extradition for an ordinary criminal offence has been made for the purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that person's race, religion, nationality or political opinion. Unless the law of the Requested State otherwise provides, decisions under this paragraph shall be made by the executive authority; or

( d ) when the offence for which extradition is requested is a military offence which is not an offence under the ordinary criminal law of the Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE V

Discretionary Grounds for Refusal of Extradition

Extradition may be refused in any of the following circumstances:

( a ) when the person whose surrender is sought has been convicted or acquitted in a third State of the offence for which extradition is requested; or

( b ) when the competent authorities of the Requested State have decided to refrain from prosecuting the person whose surrender is sought for the offence for which extradition is requested, or to discontinue any criminal proceedings which have been initiated against that person for that offence.

ARTICLE VI

Capital Punishment

When the offence for which extradition is requested is punishable by death under the law of the Requesting State and is an offence which is not so punishable under the law of the Requested State, extradition may be refused unless the Requesting State provides such assurances as the competent authorities of the Requested State consider sufficient that the death penalty, if imposed, will not be carried out.

ARTICLE VII

Postponement of Surrender

When the person whose extradition is requested is being, or is about to be, proceeded against, or has been convicted, in the Requested State in respect of an offence other than that for which extradition has been requested, surrender may be postponed until the conclusion of the proceedings and the full execution of any punishment the person may be or may have been awarded.

ARTICLE VIII

Extradition Procedure and Required Documents

1. The Request for extradition shall be made in writing and shall be communicated through the diplomatic channel.

2. The request for extradition shall contain:

( a ) information which will help to establish the identity of the person sought;

( b ) the location of the person if known or, if it is not known, a statement to that effect; and

( c ) a brief statement of the facts of the case.

3. Every request for extradition shall be supported by documents which contain:

( a ) as accurate a description as possible of the person sought, together with any other information which will assist in establishing the person's identity and nationality;

( b ) a statement of the pertinent facts of the case, indicating as accurately as possible the time and place of commission of the offence; and

( c ) the legal description of the offence and a statement of the maximum penalties therefor and the text of the law setting forth the offence or, where this is not possible, a statement of the relevant law.

4. When the request for extradition relates to a person who has not been convicted, it shall also be supported:

( a ) by the original or an authenticated copy of the warrant of arrest, or equivalent order, issued by a competent authority of the Requesting State;

( b ) by the original or an authenticated copy of the complaint, information or indictment; and

( c ) in the case of a request emanating from Ireland, by a statement of facts, by way of affidavit or statutory declaration, setting forth reasonable grounds for believing that an offence has been committed and that the person sought committed it.

5. When the request for extradition relates to a convicted person, it shall also be supported:

( a ) by the original or an authenticated copy of the judgment of conviction; and

( b ) if a sentence has been imposed, by the original or an authenticated copy of the sentence and a statement of the extent to which it has been carried out and that it is immediately enforceable.

6. All documents transmitted by the Requesting State shall be in English or shall be translated into English by that State.

ARTICLE IX

Additional Evidence or Information

1. If the Requested State requires additional evidence or information to enable it to decide on the request for extradition, such evidence or information shall be submitted to it within such time as that State shall specify.

2. If the person sought is in custody and the additional evidence or information submitted as aforesaid is found insufficient or if such evidence or information is not received within the period specified by the Requested State, the person shall be discharged from custody. Such discharge shall not preclude the Requesting State from submitting another request in respect of the same offence.

ARTICLE X

Provisional Arrest

1. In case of urgency, a Contracting Party may request the provisional arrest of a person sought. The request for provisional arrest shall be made through the diplomatic channel or directly between the Department of Justice in Ireland and the United States Department of Justice, in which case the facilities of INTERPOL may be used. The request may be transmitted by post or telegraph or by any other means affording evidence in writing.

2. The request shall contain:

( a ) a description of the person sought;

( b ) a statement of the nature of the offence and of the time at which and the place where it is alleged to have been committed;

( c ) a statement of the existence of one of the documents referred to in paragraph 4(a) or 5 of Article VIII; and

( d ) a statement that it is intended to send a request for extradition.

3. On receipt of such a request, the Requested State shall take the appropriate steps to secure the arrest of the person sought. The Requesting State shall be promptly notified of the result of its request.

4. Unless the law of the Requested State otherwise provides, a person arrested upon such a request shall be released upon the expiration of forty-five days from the date of that person's arrest it the request for extradition has not been duly received by the Requested State. This stipulation shall not prevent the institution of proceedings with a view to extraditing the person sought if a request for extradition is subsequently received.

ARTICLE XI

Rule of Speciality

1. A person extradited under this Treaty shall not be proceeded against, sentenced, punished, detained or otherwise restricted in his or her personal freedom in the Requesting State for an offence other than that for which extradition has been granted, or be extradited by that State to a third State, unless:

( a ) the person has left the Requesting State after extradition and has voluntarily returned to it;

( b ) the person, having had an opportunity to leave the Requesting State, has not done so within forty-five days of final discharge in respect of the offence for which that person was extradited; or

( c ) the Requested State has consented.

2. Where the description of the offence charged in the Requesting State is altered in the course of proceedings, the person extradited shall not be proceeded against, sentenced, punished, detained or otherwise restricted in his or her personal freedom except insofar as the offence under its new description is composed of the same constituent elements as the offence for which extradition was granted.

3. Unless the law of the Requesting state otherwise provides, the person extradited may be proceeded against, sentenced, punished, detained or otherwise restricted in his or her personal freedom for an offence for which that person could be convicted, under the law of that State, upon trial for the offence for which extradition was granted.

4. These stipulations shall not apply to offences committed after the extradition.

ARTICLE XII

Multiple Requests

A Contracting Party upon receiving requests from the other Contracting Party and from a third State for the extradition of the same person, either for the same offence or for different offences, shall determine to which of the States it will extradite the person sought, taking into consideration all the circumstances and, in particular, the relative seriousness of the offences and where they were committed, the citizenship or nationality of the person sought, the dates upon which the requests were received, the possibility of a later extradition between the other Contracting Party and the third State, and the provisions of any extradition agreements between the States concerned.

ARTICLE XIII

Notification of Decision

1. The Requested State shall promptly communicate to the Requesting State through the diplomatic channel the decision on the request for extradition.

2. The Requested State shall provide reasons for any partial or complete rejection of the request for extradition. It shall also provide the Requesting State with a copy of each opinion issued by its courts in connection with a request for extradition under this Treaty.

3. If a warrant or order for the extradition of a person sought has been issued by the competent authority and the person is not removed from the territory of the Requested State within such time as may be prescribed by the law of that State, that person may be set at liberty and the Requested State may subsequently refuse to extradite that person for that offence.

ARTICLE XIV

Surrender of Property

1. To the extent permitted under the law of the Requested State and subject to the rights of third parties, which shall be duly respected, all property which appears to have been acquired as a result of the offence in question or which may be required as evidence shall, if found, be seized and surrendered to the Requesting State if the person sought is extradited or if extradition, having been granted, cannot be carried out by reason of the death or escape of that person.

2. The Requested State may make the surrender of the property conditional upon satisfactory assurances from the Requesting State that the property will be returned to the Requested State as soon as practicable, and may defer its surrender if it is needed as evidence in the Requested State.

ARTICLE XV

Transit

Transit through the territory of one of the Contracting Parties of a person surrendered to the other Contracting Party by a third State may be granted on request subject to the law of the State of transit and to such conditions as that State may impose. For the purpose of considering the request, the State of transit may require the submission of such information as it considers necessary.

ARTICLE XVI

Representation

1. The Department of Justice of the United States shall advise, assist and represent, or provide for the representation of, Ireland in any proceedings in the United States arising out of a request for extradition made by Ireland.

2. The Attorney General of Ireland shall advise and assist, and represent, or provide for the representation of, the interests of the United States in any proceedings in Ireland arising out of a request for extradition made by the United States.

3. The functions referred to in this Article may be assumed by any successor agency designated by the State concerned.

ARTICLE XVII

Expenses

1. The Requesting State shall bear all expenses arising out of the translation of documents and the transportation of the person sought from the place of the extradition proceedings to the Requesting State. Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, the Requested State shall bear all other expenses arising out of the request for extradition and the proceedings.

2. The Requested State shall make no pecuniary claim against the Requesting State arising out of the arrest, detention, extradition proceedings and surrender of a person sought under this Treaty.

ARTICLE XVIII

Scope of Application

This Treaty shall apply to offences committed before or after the date this Treaty enters into force, provided that extradition shall not be granted for an offence committed before the date this Treaty enters into force which was not an offence under the law of both Contracting Parties at the time of its commission.

ARTICLE XIX

Ratification, Entry into Force and Termination

1. This Treaty shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification shall be exchanged in Dublin as soon as possible.

2. This Treaty shall enter into force thirty days after the exchange of the instruments of ratification.

3. This Treaty shall terminate and replace any bilateral extradition agreement in force between Ireland and the United States.

4. Either Contracting Party may terminate this Treaty by giving written notice to the other Contracting Party at any time, and the termination shall become effective six months after the date of receipt of such notice.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty.

DONE in duplicate at Washington this thirteenth day of July, 1983.

PART II

CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF AIRCRAFT

PREAMBLE

THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION

CONSIDERING that unlawful acts of seizure or exercise of control of aircraft in flight jeopardize the safety of persons and property, seriously affect the operation of air services, and undermine the confidence of the peoples of the world in the safety of civil aviation;

CONSIDERING that the occurrence of such acts is a matter of grave concern;

CONSIDERING that, for the purpose of deterring such acts, there is an urgent need to provide appropriate measures for punishment of offenders;

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

ARTICLE 1

Any penson who on board an aircraft in flight:

( a ) unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by any other form of intimidation, seizes, or exercises control of, that aircraft, or attempts to perform any such act, or

( b ) is an accomplice of a person who performs or attempts to perform any such act

commits an offence (hereinafter referred to as "the offence").

ARTICLE 2

Each Contracting State undertakes to make the offence punishable by severe penalties.

ARTICLE 3

1. For the purposes of this Convention, an aircraft is considered to be in flight at any time from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation. In the case of a forced landing, the flight shall be deemed to continue until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and for persons and property on board.

2. This Convention shall not apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services.

3. This Convention shall apply only if the place of take-off or the place of actual landing of the aircraft on board which the offence is committed is situated outside the territory of the State of registration of that aircraft; it shall be immaterial whether the aircraft is engaged in an international or domestic flight.

4. In the cases, mentioned in Article 5, this Convention shall not apply if the place of take-off and the place of actual landing of the aircraft on-board which the offence is committed are situated within the territory of the same State where that State is one of those referred to in that Article.

5. Notwithstanding paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article, Articles 6,7,8 and 10 shall apply whatever the place of take-off or the place of actual landing of the aircraft, if the offender or the alleged offender is found in the territory of a state other than the State of registration of that aircraft.

ARTICLE 4

1. Each Contracting State shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offence and any other act of violence against passengers or crew committed by the alleged offender in connection with the offence, in the following cases:

( a ) when the offence is committed on board an aircraft registered in that State;

( b ) when the aircraft on board which the offence is committed lands in its territory with the alleged offender still on board;

( c ) when the offence is committed on board an aircraft leased without crew to a lessee who has his principal place of business or, if the lessee has no such place of business, his permanent residence, in that State.

2. Each Contracting State shall likewise take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offence in the case where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him pursuant to Article 8 to any of the States mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article.

3. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law.

ARTICLE 5

The Contracting States which establish joint air transport operating organizations or international operating agencies, which operate aircraft which are subject to joint or international registration shall, by appropriate means, designate for each aircraft the State among them which shall exercise the jurisdiction and have the attributes of the State of registration for the purpose of this Convention and shall give notice thereof to the International Civil Aviation Organization which shall communicate the notice to all States Parties to this Convention.

ARTICLE 6

1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be instituted.

2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts.

3. Any person in custody pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article shall be assisted in communicating immediately with the nearest appropriate representative of the State of which he is a national.

4. When a State, pursuant to this Article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify the State of registration of the aircraft, the State mentioned in Article 4, paragraph 1(c), the State of nationality of the detained person and, if it considers it advisable, any other interested States of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State which makes the preliminary enquiry contemplated in paragraph 2 of this Article shall promptly report its findings to the said States and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 7

The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution.

Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State.

ARTICLE 8

1. The offence shall be deemed to be included as an extraditable offence in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting States. Contracting States undertake to include the offence as an extraditable offence in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of the offence. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the Requested State.

3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offence as an extraditable offence between themselves subject to the conditions provided by the law of the Requested State.

4. The offence shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition between Contracting States, as if it had been committed not only in the place in which it occurred but also in the territories of the States required to establish their jurisdiction in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1.

ARTICLE 9

1. When any of the acts mentioned in Article 1(a) has occurred or is about to occur, Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to restore control of the aircraft to its lawful commander or to preserve his control of the aircraft.

2. In the cases contemplated by the preceding paragraph, any Contracting State in which the aircraft or its passengers or crew are present shall facilitate the continuation of the journey of the passengers and crew as soon as practicable, and shall without delay return the aircraft and its cargo to the persons lawfully entitled to possession.

ARTICLE 10

1. Contracting States shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offence and other acts mentioned in Article 4. The law of the State requested shall apply in all cases.

2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not affect obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual assistance in criminal matters.

ARTICLE 11

Each Contracting State shall in accordance with its national law report to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization as promptly as possible any relevant information in its possession concerning:

( a ) the circumstances of the offence;

( b ) the action taken pursuant to Article 9;

( c ) the measures taken in relation to the offender or the alleged offender, and, in particular, the results of any extradition proceedings or other legal proceedings.

ARTICLE 12

1. Any dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation, shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Statute of the Court.

2. Each State may at the time of signature or ratification of this Convention or accession thereto, declare that it does not consider itself bound by the preceding paragraph. The other Contracting States shall not be bound by the preceding paragraph with respect to any Contracting State having made such a reservation.

3. Any Contracting State having made a reservation in accordance with the preceding paragraph may at any time withdraw this reservation by notification to the Depositary Governments.

ARTICLE 13

1. This Convention shall be open for signature at The Hague on 16 December 1970, by States participating in the International Conference on Air Law held at The Hague from 1 to 16 December 1970 (hereinafter referred to as The Hague Conference). After 31 December 1970, the Convention shall be open to all States for signature in Moscow, London and Washington. Any State which does not sign this Convention before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3. This Convention shall enter into force thirty days following the date of the deposit of instruments of ratification by ten States signatory to this Convention which participated in The Hague Conference.

4. For other States, this Convention shall enter into force on the date of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article, or thirty days following the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession, whichever is later.

5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession, the date of entry into force of this Convention, and other notices.

6. As soon as this Convention comes into force, it shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations and pursuant to Article 83 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944).

ARTICLE 14

1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Depositary Governments.

2. Denunciation shall take effect six months following the date on which notification is received by the Depositary Governments.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorised thereto by their Governments, have signed this Convention.

DONE AT The Hague, this sixteenth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and seventy, in three originals, each being drawn up in four authentic texts in the English, French, Russian and Spanish languages.

PART III

CONVENTION

FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL ACTS AGAINST THE SAFETY OF CIVIL AVIATION

THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION

CONSIDERING that unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation jeopardize the safety of persons and property, seriously affect the operation of air services, and undermine the confidence of the peoples of the world in the safety of civil aviation;

CONSIDERING that the occurrence of such acts is a matter of grave concern;

CONSIDERING that, for the purpose of deterring such acts, there is an urgent need to provide appropriate measures for punishment of offenders;

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

ARTICLE 1

1. Any person commits an offence if he unlawfully and intentionally:

( a ) performs an act of violence against a person on board an aircraft in flight if that act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft; or

( b ) destroys an aircraft in service or causes damage to such an aircraft which renders it incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger its safety in flight; or

( c ) places or causes to be placed on an aircraft in service, by any means whatsoever, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage to it which renders it incapable of flight, or to cause damage to it which is likely to endanger its safety in flight; or

( d ) destroys or damages air navigation facilities or interferes with their operation, if any such act is likely to endanger the safety of aircraft in flight; or

( e ) communicates information which he knows to be false, thereby endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight.

2. Any person also commits an offence if he:

( a ) attempts to commit any of the offences mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article; or

( b ) is an accomplice of a person who commits or attempts to commit any such offence.

ARTICLE 2

For the purposes of this Convention:

( a ) an aircraft is considered to be in flight at any time from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation; in the case of a forced landing, the flight shall be deemed to continue until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and for persons and property on board;

( b ) an aircraft is considered to be in service from the beginning of the preflight preparation of the aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until twenty-four hours after any landing; the period of service shall, in any event, extend for the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight as defined in paragraph (a) of this Article.

ARTICLE 3

Each Contracting State undertakes to make the offences mentioned in Article 1 punishable by severe penalties.

ARTICLE 4

1. The Convention shall not apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services.

2. In the cases contemplated in subparagraphs (a), (b), (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 of Article 1, this Convention shall apply, irrespective of whether the aircraft is engaged in an international or domestic flight, only if:

( a ) the place of take-off or landing, actual or intended, of the aircraft is situated outside the territory of the State of registration of that aircraft; or

( b ) the offence is committed in the territory of a State other than the State of registration of the aircraft.

3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2 of this Article, in the cases contemplated in subparagraphs (a), (b), (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 of Article 1, this Convention shall also apply if the offender or the alleged offender is found in the territory of a State other than the State of registration of the aircraft.

4. With respect to the States mentioned in Article 9 and in the cases mentioned in subparagraphs (a), (b), (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 of Article 1, this Convention shall not apply if the places referred to in subparagraph (a) of paragraph 2 of this Article are situated within the territory of the same State where that State is one of those referred to in Article 9, unless the offence is committed or the offender or alleged offender is found in the territory of a State other than that State.

5. In the cases contemplated in subparagraph (d) of paragraph 1 of Article 1, this Convention shall apply only if the air navigation facilities are used in international air navigation.

6. The provisions of paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 of this Article shall also apply in the cases contemplated in paragraph 2 of Article 1.

ARTICLE 5

1. Each Contracting State shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences in the following cases:

( a ) when the offence is committed in the territory of that State;

( b ) when the offence is committed against or on board an aircraft registered in that State;

( c ) when the aircraft on board which the offence is committed lands in its territory with the alleged offender still on board;

( d ) when the offence is committed against or on board an aircraft leased without crew to a lessee who has his principal place of business or, if the lessee has no such place of business, his permanent residence, in that State.

2. Each Contracting State shall likewise take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences mentioned in Article 1, paragraph 1(a), (b) and (c), and in Article 1, paragraph 2, in so far as that paragraph relates to those offences, in the case where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him pursuant to Article 8 to any of the States mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article.

3. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law.

ARTICLE 6

1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be instituted.

2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts.

3. Any person in custody pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article shall be assisted in communicating immediately with the nearest appropriate representative of the State of which he is a national.

4. When a State, pursuant to this Article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify the States mentioned in Article 5, paragraph 1, the State of nationality of the detained person and, if it considers it advisable, any other interested States of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State which makes the preliminary enquiry contemplated in paragraph 2 of this Article shall promptly report its findings to the said States and shall indicate whether it tends to exercise jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 7

The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State.

ARTICLE 8

1. The offences shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting States. Contracting States undertake to include the offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences as extraditable offences between themselves subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

4. Each of the offences shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition between Contracting States, as if it had been committed not only in the place in which it occured but also in the territories of the States required to establish their jurisdiction in accordance with Article 5, paragraph 1 (b), (c) and (d).

ARTICLE 9

The Contracting States which established joint air transport operating organizations or international operating agencies, which operate aircraft which are subject to joint or international registration shall, by appropriate means, designate for each aircraft the State among them which shall exercise the jurisdiction and have the attributes of the State of registration for the purpose of this Convention and shall give notice thereof to the International Civil Aviation Organization which shall communicate the notice to all States Parties to this Convention.

ARTICLE 10

1. Contracting States shall, in accordance with international and national law, endeavour to take all practicable measures for the purpose of preventing the offences mentioned in Article 1.

2. When, due to the commission of one of the offences mentioned in Article 1, a flight has been delayed or interrupted, any Contracting State in whose territory the aircraft or passengers or crew are present shall facilitate the continuation of the journey of the passengers and crew as soon as practicable, and shall without delay return the aircraft and its cargo to the persons lawfully entitled to possession.

ARTICLE 11

1. Contracting States shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offences. The law of the State requested shall apply in all cases.

2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not affect obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual assistance in criminal matters.

ARTICLE 12

Any Contracting State having reason to believe that one of the offences mentioned in Article 1 will be committed shall, in accordance with its national law, furnish any relevant information in its possession to those States which it believes would be the States mentioned in Article 5, paragraph 1.

ARTICLE 13

Each Contracting State shall in accordance with its national law report to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization as promptly as possible any relevant information in its possession concerning:

( a ) the circumstances of the offence;

( b ) the action taken pursuant to Article 10, paragraph 2;

( c ) the measures taken in relation to the offender or the alleged offender and, in particular, the results of any extradition proceedings or other legal proceedings.

ARTICLE 14

1. Any dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation, shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Statute of the Court.

2. Each State may at the time of signature or ratification of this Convention or accession thereto, declare that it does not consider itself bound by the preceding paragraph. The other Contracting States shall not be bound by the preceding paragraph with respect to any Contracting State having made such a reservation.

3. Any Contracting State having made a reservation in accordance with the preceding paragraph may at any time withdraw this reservation by notification to the Depositary Governments.

ARTICLE 15

1. This Convention shall be open for signature at Montreal on 23 September 1971, by States participating in the International Conference on Air Law held at Montreal from 8 to 23 September 1971 (hereinafter referred to as the Montreal Conference). After 10 October 1971, the Convention shall be open to all States for signature in Moscow, London and Washington. Any State which does not sign this Convention before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3. This Convention shall enter into force thirty days following the date of the deposit of instruments of ratification by ten States signatory to this Convention which participated in the Montreal Conference.

4. For other States, this Convention shall enter into force on the date of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article, or thirty days following the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession, whichever is later.

5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession, the date of entry into force of this Convention, and other notices.

6. As soon as this Convention comes into force, it shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations and pursuant to Article 83 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944).

ARTICLE 16

1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Depositary Governments.

2. Denunciation shall take effect six months following the date on which notification is received by the Depositary Governments.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorised thereto by their Governments, have signed this Convention.

DONE at Montreal, this twenty-third day of September, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one, in three originals, each being drawn up in four authentic texts in the English, French, Russian and Spanish languages.

GIVEN under the Official Seal of the Government, this 20th day of November,

1984.

GARRET FITZGERALD,

Taoiseach.

EXPLANATORY NOTE.

The effect of this Order (which amends the Extradition Act 1965 (Part II) (No. 9) Order, 1975 and the Extradition Act 1965 (Part II) (No. 10) Order, 1976) is to apply in relation to the United States of America the provisions if Part II of the Extradition Act, 1965. The purpose of the Order is to enable the extradition of persons in pursuance of the arrangements for extradition entered into by way of a bilateral Treaty on Extradition between the State and the United States of America and as Party to the Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation.