United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions

On the 17th of March 1779 he addressed this letter to the trustees:—

“As you seem to think written authority necessary, I hereby empower you, in my name, to promise to the tenants over all my estates meliorations for houses and buildings that may be made and erected by them, not exceeding three years' rent of the respective farms, to be paid at their removal by the incoming tenant; and I oblige me, and my heirs and successors, to implement such promise.”

He died in 1782; and the trustees thereupon entered into possession, and assumed the management of the estate. In October 1785 they let the lands of Dalcraig to Alexander Fraser for nineteen years; and, after reciting the above letter, the lease contained the following clause:

“It is therefore hereby specially conditioned and agreed, that the said Alexander Fraser and his foresaids shall, at the termination of this tack, and upon their removal from the said lands, be entitled to receive, from the heritor or incoming tenant, the value of such houses and buildings, including stone-dykes, as shall then be upon the foresaid lands, to the extent of £49 16 s. sterling money, being three years' rent or tack-duty of the said lands, provided the value of the said meliorations shall amount to so much, over and above the sum of £2 19 s. 9 d. sterling, being the heritors' ground comprising, by the appreciation of one or two judicious persons, to be named by each party, for ascertaining the same, at the term of

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the tacksman's removal; but declaring, that whatever may be the value or amount of the said buildings, or other improvements on the said lands, that the tacksman shall only be entitled to receive for the same to the amount of the said three years' rent or tack-duty, or so much less as shall be ascertained, in manner foresaid, to be the worth and value of his houses and buildings; upon payment whereof he shall be bound and obliged to surrender the whole to the heritor or succeeding tenant, without being permitted to carry any part of them off the ground.”

Under the authority of an Act of Parliament, the trustees sold part of the estate, cleared off the debts, and in 1802 renounced the trust, and surrendered the possession to Archibald Fraser, the entailers brother, and next heir of entail. Archibald Fraser then entered into an arrangement with the tenant, by which the latter surrendered his lease, and Fraser thereupon granted a new one to him for nineteen years from and after Whitsunday 1802. This lease contained the following clause:—

“And whereas, by the foresaid renunciation, the said lease granted by the said trustees is considered as having expired at the term of Whitsunday last, whereby the said Alexander Fraser, as outgoing tenant, is entitled to meliorations, in terms of the said lease: Therefore, it is hereby agreed upon between the parties, that at or as soon after the execution of this lease as possible, the whole houses, biggings, dykes, and inclosures upon the foresaid possession shall be comprised by one judicious man named by each of the parties contractors, agreeably to the terms of the said original lease; and that one or more schedules thereof shall be made up, to be signed by the appreciators, and by the said Honourable Archibald Fraser of Lovat, and the said Alexander Fraser, and reference made therein to these presents, whereof they shall be considered as part; and the said Alexander Fraser agrees to defer all demands on the said Honourable Archibald Fraser and his foresaids, on account of the said meliorations, until the expiry of this present lease; and further binds and obliges himself and his foresaids to keep, maintain, and uphold the said houses, biggings, dykes, and inclosures, contained in the said states or schedules, in equally good repair and condition, as shall be therein expressed, during the whole currency of this present lease, and to leave the whole in the like good condition at the expiry

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thereof; it being hereby declared, that the said Alexander Fraser and his foresaids shall then, and not otherwise, be entitled to receive from the said Honourable Archibald Fraser of Lovat and his foresaids, or the succeeding tenant, the sum mentioned in the said schedules or estimates, as the value of the said meliorations, provided the same shall not exceed the sum allowed for the said meliorations by the said lease, granted by the said trustees on the estate of Lovat: Provided always, that the said houses, biggings, dykes, and inclosures shall be found, in the manner above expressed, to be worth that sum; and also, provided they shall be found, at the expiry of this present lease, to be in equally good condition and repair, and worth as much as they shall be found and stated to be in the said schedules and estimates made at the commencement thereof; it being, however, understood, that the said Alexander Fraser is not to be charged for the natural decay of timber, or mason, or stone-work, from mere lapse of time, provided the said Alexander Fraser has, by due attention to keeping the said houses and buildings wind and water tight, and repairing and upholding the said dykes and inclosures, and other usual and necessary modes of repair, done all in his power to prevent any deterioration of the aforesaid subjects; providing, in case the said Alexander Fraser shall fail to repair the said houses, buildings, dykes, and inclosures, after three months' notice to that effect by the proprietor or his factor, the factor, or such person as the proprietor shall appoint, shall cause the same to be done by other persons whom he shall employ for that purpose; and the said Alexander Fraser, so failing, shall be obliged to repay the expense thereof to the said Honourable Archibald Fraser of Lovat and his foresaids, as the same shall be ascertained by the Baron Bailie, and diligence for payment of such expense shall pass in the same manner as for the rent: And whereas it may be expedient to meliorate the subjects hereby let, by other biggings and inclosures, to the extent of three years of the present rent, including the amount of the meliorations allowed by the last lease, and comprised in the schedules above mentioned, it is hereby agreed, that the said Alexander Fraser and his foresaids shall be allowed to lay out upon and meliorate the said subjects, to the extent of three years of the rent presently reserved, provided he shall give previous notice to the said Honourable Archibald Fraser or his foresaids of

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the biggings or meliorations intended to be made, and shall obtain his approbation of the same in writing; and provided also, that the sum due by the said Honourable Archibald Fraser of Lovat and his foresaids for meliorations under the former lease, granted by the said trustees, shall be taken to be part and portion of the three years' rent reserved under the present lease, to which the whole claim for meliorations, as above specified, shall be confined; declaring, that whatever may he the value or amount of the said buildings and other improvements on the premises, that the tacksman shall only be entitled to receive for the same to the amount of the said three years' rent, or tack-duty presently reserved, or so much less as the same shall be ascertained, in manner foresaid, to be the worth and value of the houses, buildings, dykes, and inclosures; upon payment whereof he shall be bound and obliged to render the whole to the said Honourable Archibald Fraser, or his foresaids or succeeding tenants, without being permitted to carry any part of them off the ground; and, in order to encourage the planting and preserving of trees on the said farm, the said Alexander Fraser shall be allowed to claim, as part of the foresaid melioration, the value of all trees planted and preserved by him, as the same shall be ascertained by two persons mutually chosen, in manner above mentioned, provided always, that every fourth tree, so planted as aforesaid, shall be a lime tree.”

Archibald Fraser died in 1815; and, while Thomas Alexander Fraser succeeded as heir of entail to the estates of Lovat, Archibald Thomas Frederick Fraser, as the legal representative of Archibald Fraser, acquired right to his unentailed property.

On the termination of the lease in 1821 the tenant claimed the value of the meliorations from Thomas Alexander Fraser, and brought an action against him, in which Lord Alloway pronounced this interlocutor:—

“In respect that the late Archibald Fraser of Lovat was in possession of the entailed estate of Lovat at the expiry of the leases granted by General Fraser the entailer: Finds, that the meliorations exigible under those leases were due by him as representative of the entailer, and likewise as being the heir of entail in possession: Finds, that these meliorations were payable by the heir of entail in possession; and that Archibald Fraser, as heir of entail, had it not in his power to postpone and transfer this obligation, which was

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exigible from himself, upon any future heir of entail: Finds, that although these clauses as to meliorations, to the extent of three years' rents, were effectual against the heir in possession, seeing they were obligations imposed by the entailer in the leases granted by him, yet this did not authorize the heir possessing the estate to introduce similar clauses, so as to affect heirs of entail, who did not represent the granter of the leases; and that such heir had no way of burdening the next heir of entail with meliorations in buildings, to the extent of three years' rent, except by following out the terms of the Statute of the tenth year of king George the third with regard to the improvements upon entailed estates: Therefore assoilzies the defender, reserving, however, to the pursuer his recourse against Mr. Fraser of Abertarff, and the other representatives of Archibald Fraser of Lovat, who granted the leases containing the obligations in question, and decerns.”

His Lordship also issued the subjoined note of his opinion. ^*

_________________ Footnote _________________

* “1. The amount of the original meliorations contracted under the first leases, having been warranted by General Fraser the entailer, or by his trustees, was an unquestionable debt due by his heirs to his representatives.

2. Upon expiry of these leases, the pursuer had an unquestionable claim upon the heir of entail then in possession, who could not take the estate without being liable for the whole of the entailer's debts and obligations, and, of course, payment of these meliorations.

3. The question then is, Whether the heir in possession could not only postpone and transfer this debt, then become due and exigible by the tenant, at the end of his lease, upon an heir who had not then succeeded, but could then also create new obligations to affect that heir to the amount of three years' rent of the farms upon which these meliorations should take place, without having power under the entail to burden either the estate or the next heir with a debt to that amount, or without his having availed himself of the means which the statute 10 Geo. III. had afforded him of rendering three-fourths of these improvements a burden upon the entailed estate?

4. The Lord Ordinary conceives, upon the principle of the cases Dillon v. Campbell of Blythswood, and Webster against Farquhar, and other cases of the same nature, that the heir of entail in possession had no power to subject the succeeding heir to the payment of these buildings.

5. With regard to the original meliorations under the first lease, although all the representatives of the entailer are liable for the meliorations, yet the heir of entail who was in possession when that obligation became due and exigible, and his representatives, are liable, in the first instance, and could not transfer and postpone this obligation upon the defender, the succeeding heir of entail. It is not disputed that the heir of entail then in possession, and his representatives, left sufficient funds for the payment of all those meliorations; and the Lord Ordinary therefore doubts how far that heir, by a connivance with the tenant having the right to those

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