PART 1 General

Citation, commencement and extent

1.–(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) Regulations 2009 and, subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), come into force on 6 April 2009.

(2) Regulations 2(2), 21 and Part 6 come into force on 1 September 2009.

(3) Regulations 15(5)(f) and 18 come into force on 21 December 2009.

(4) Subject to paragraphs (5) and (6), these Regulations extend to England and Wales only.

(5) Regulation 80(3) extends to Northern Ireland.

(6) These Regulations extend to all of the United Kingdom in so far as they impose any obligation or confer any power on HMRC, an employer or a borrower in relation to repayments under Parts 3 or 4 or on any other person in relation to the retention or production of information or records.

Revocation of previous Regulations

2.–(1) The Instruments listed in the Schedule are revoked.

(2) Regulations 4(4), 93 and 94 of the Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations 2008(4) and regulation 51 of the Assembly Learning Grants and Loans (Higher Education) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2008(5) are revoked.

Interpretation

3. In these Regulations–

"the 1970 Act" means the Taxes Management Act 1970(6) as amended from time to time;

"the 1988 Act" means the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988(7) as amended from time to time;

"the 1998 Act" means the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998(8) as amended from time to time;

"the 2003 Act" means the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003(9) as amended from time to time;

"the 2005 Act" means The Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005(10) as amended from time to time;

"the 2007 Act" means the Income Tax Act 2007(11) as amended from time to time;

"the 2008 Act" means the Sale of Student Loans Act 2008(12) as amended from time to time;

"academic year" means the period from 1 September in any year to 31 August of the following year, regardless of whether this is, in fact, the period over which a borrower´s course runs;

"the Authority"-

"borrower" means a person to whom the Authority has lent money pursuant to Regulations made under section 22 of the 1998 Act and who has not received a notice from the Authority or loan purchaser (as the case may be) that it has been repaid or cancelled, and also has the meaning given to it in regulation 6;

"eligible employment" has the same meaning as in the Teachers´ Regulations;

"eligible teacher" means a teacher with a student loan made when that person was resident in England or Wales who was eligible for a reduction in respect of that loan under the Teachers´ Regulations;

"HMRC" means Her Majesty´s Revenue and Customs;

"loan purchaser" includes any person who has entered into transfer arrangements with the Authority or another loan purchaser or both and who presently owns one or more student loans made pursuant to Regulations made under section 22 of the 1998 Act;

"National Insurance number" means the National Insurance number allocated within the meaning of the Social Security (Contributions) Regulations 2001(13);

"overseas provisions" means the requirements of these Regulations in Part 5;

"overseas borrowers" means borrowers making or due to make repayments in accordance with Part 5;

"part-time" employment means employment where the contract of employment requires the employee to work for less than the whole working week;

"repayment" means repayment of a student loan;

"Secretary of State" includes any person exercising functions on behalf of a Secretary of State pursuant to section 23(4) of the 1998 Act;

"student loan" means the total outstanding principal, interest, penalties and charges owed by a borrower to the Authority pursuant to these or any other Regulations made under section 22 of the 1998 Act excluding any interest, penalties or charges payable under Part 3 or 4, and also has the meanings given to it in regulations 6 and 7;

"the Taxes Acts" has the same meaning as it has in the 1970 Act;

"tax year" -

"Teachers´ Regulations" means the Education (Teacher Student Loans) (Repayment etc) Regulations 2003(14);

"transferred loan" includes loans subject to further transfer arrangements;

"the tribunal" means the First-tier Tribunal or, where determined by or under the Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008(15), the Upper Tribunal; and

"Welsh Ministers" includes any person exercising functions on their behalf pursuant to section 23(4) of the 1998 Act.

Application: general

4. These Regulations apply to repayments of student loans made under the 1998 Act.

Wales

5.–(1) Subject to paragraph (2), these Regulations apply to student loans made or deemed made by the Welsh Ministers under section 22 of the 1998 Act.

(2) Unless the Welsh Ministers have determined in relation to any student loan or description of student loan made or deemed made by them under section 22 of the 1998 Act that repayments are to be collected by HMRC under Parts 3 and 4 and have given notice of this to the Secretary of State and the borrower, Parts 3 and 4 and any provision of Part 2 which relates to Parts 3 or 4 will not apply.

Scotland

6.–(1) If the Scottish Ministers have determined that the repayments of student loans made under the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 will be collected by HMRC under Parts 3 and 4 of these Regulations, they must give notices to HMRC and the borrower in accordance with regulation 15.

(2) Where the Scottish Ministers have given notices in accordance with regulation 15(3)(a) or (b), Parts 3 and 4, and the provisions of Parts 1 and 2 so far as they relate to Parts 3 and 4, will apply to those student loans in the same way as they apply to student loans under the 1998 Act.

(3) In the application of these Regulations to loans made under the Education (Scotland) Act 1980–

"borrower" means a person to whom the Scottish Ministers or Secretary of State have lent money pursuant to Regulations made under section 73(f) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 and who has not received a notice from the Scottish Ministers that it has been repaid in full or cancelled;

"the Authority" means the Scottish Ministers (other than in regulations 3 and 11) and includes any person exercising functions on behalf of the Scottish Ministers pursuant to section 73A(4) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980; and

"student loan" means the total outstanding principal, interest and charges owed by the borrower to the Scottish Ministers pursuant to Regulations made under section 73(f) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980, excluding any interest, penalties or charges payable under Part 3 or 4.

Application to transferred loans in England and Wales

7.–(1) Where these Regulations apply to a transferred loan–

"the Authority" means, for the purpose of those regulations listed in paragraph (2), the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers acting on behalf of the loan purchaser (regardless of whether any person is also exercising functions on behalf of the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers pursuant to section 23(4) of the 1998 Act); and

"student loan" means, subject to any provisions of transfer arrangements, the total outstanding principal, interest, penalties and charges owed by a borrower to a loan purchaser pursuant to these or any other Regulations made under section 22 of the 1998 Act.

(2) The regulations referred to in paragraph (1) are: regulations 15 to 20, 22 to 27, and 73 to 79.

Service by post or electronic communication

8.–(1) Any notice or other document which is authorised or required to be given, served or issued under these Regulations may be sent by post, or, if the recipient has previously agreed to receive communications in this format, by an agreed electronic format.

(2) In particular, any notice which the Authority may give to HMRC may be transmitted electronically, and for these purposes a notice is transmitted electronically where the content and form of a notice is sent and received by electronic media between computer systems operated by the Authority and HMRC respectively.

PART 2 Provisions Applicable to all Repayments

Interpretation

9.–(1) In this Part–

"2006 Support Regulations" means the Education (Student Support) Regulations 2006(16).

"the 2006 Welsh Regulations" means the Assembly Learning Grants and Loans (Higher Education) (Wales) Regulations 2006(17);

"date of receipt" in relation to a repayment is to be construed in accordance with regulation 17;

"disability-related benefit" means long-term incapacity benefit or short-term incapacity benefit at the higher rate, severe disablement allowance, disability living allowance, industrial injuries benefit and disability working allowance, all payable under the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992(18), or the amount of any disability premium and severe disability premium included in the applicable amount in calculating the income support payable under the Income Support (General) Regulations 1987(19);

"end-on course" means–

"Student Support Regulations" means-

(2) The courses mentioned in this paragraph are a course for the Diploma of Higher Education, and a course for the Higher National Diploma or Higher National Certificate of-

(a) the Business & Technician Education Council; or

(b) the Scottish Qualifications Authority.

Functions of HMRC

10.–(1) HMRC must collect repayments from borrowers (whether or not any loan of the borrower is a transferred loan) in accordance with Parts 3 and 4, and the provisions of section 1 of the 1970 Act apply for those purposes as they apply for the purposes of income tax.

(2) HMRC must, at such time and in such manner as the Treasury may direct, account for, and pay to, the Secretary of State the sums estimated by HMRC (in the manner so directed) to have been collected by it as repayments in accordance with Parts 3 and 4.

(3) HMRC must account for and pay to the Secretary of State such sums as are referred to in paragraph (2) regardless of whether the Secretary of State is entitled to retain such repayments or receives them on behalf of a loan purchaser.

(4) Payments to the Secretary of State do not include any interest, penalties or charges payable under Part 3 or 4 and HMRC will cause any such sums which it recovers to be paid, at such times and under such regulations as the Treasury may from time to time prescribe, to accounts to be entitled "The Account of Her Majesty´s Exchequer", at the Bank of England and the sums so paid form part of the Consolidated Fund.

Transfer of repayments due to a loan purchaser

11.–(1) The Authority must pay to a loan purchaser at such time and in such amount as may be agreed with the loan purchaser any sums which are paid directly to the Authority in connection with transferred loans whether under this Part or Part 5.

(2) The Authority may make aggregate payments to a loan purchaser in respect of all or a number of transferred loans owned by that loan purchaser.

Officers of Revenue and Customs

12. Any legal proceedings or administrative act authorised by or done for the purposes of these Regulations begun by an officer of Revenue and Customs may be continued by another officer; and any officer may act for any other division or area.

Penalties in relation to Parts 3 and 4

13.–(1) Section 98 of the 1970 Act (special returns etc) applies for the purposes of repayments under Parts 3 or 4 as if any reference in that section to a provision in the Table is a reference to a provision in those Parts 3 or 4 with the exception of regulations 30, 33, 60 and 61.

(2) Section 99 of the 1970 Act (assisting in the preparation of incorrect returns etc) applies in the case of returns, statements, declarations, accounts, information or documents for the purposes of repayments under Parts 3 or 4 as it applies for the purposes of income tax.

(3) For tax years–

(a) ending on or before 5 April 2008, sections 100 (determination of penalties by officer of HMRC), 100A (provisions supplementary to section 100) and 100B (appeals against policy determinations) of the 1970 Act apply to the penalties set out in regulation 40(3) in connection with repayments under Part 3 as they apply in connection with income tax;

(b) commencing on or after 6 April 2008, where the date on which the return is due to be filed is on or after 6 April 2009, Schedule 24 to the Finance Act 2007(22) (penalties for errors) applies in relation to the assessment of penalties and appeals against the assessment of penalties in connection with Part 3 as it applies to penalties in connection with income tax.

(4) Sections 100 (determination of penalties by officer of Revenue and Customs), 100A (provisions supplementary to section 100) and 100B (appeals against penalty determinations) of the 1970 Act apply to penalties other than those outlined in regulations 40(3) and 40(4) in connection with repayment under Part 3 and all penalties under Part 4 as they apply to penalties in connection with income tax.

(5) Section 100C (penalty proceedings before the tribunal), 100D (penalty proceedings before court), 102 (mitigation of penalties), 103(3) and (4) (time limit for penalties), 103A (interest on penalties), 104 (savings for criminal proceedings) and 105 (evidence in cases of fraudulent conduct) of the 1970 Act apply to penalties in connection with repayments under Part 3 or 4 as they apply in connection with income tax.

(6) Sections 112 to 115A of and Schedule 3A to the 1970 Act (documents) apply to assessments, returns or other documents made, required, issued, served, sent or lodged for the purposes of or in connection with repayments under Parts 3 or 4 as they apply to documents for the purposes of or in connection with income tax.

(7) Section 118(2) of the 1970 Act (failure to act within limited time) applies in relation to anything required to be done under Parts 3 or 4 as it applies in relation to anything required to be done under that Act.

(8) For the purposes of these Regulations, the amount of a repayment covered by any assessment under Part 3 is not deemed finally determined until that assessment can no longer be varied, whether by the tribunal on appeal or by the order of any Court.

Interest and penalties

14.–(1) Interest and penalties charged under Parts 3 or 4 are not added to the principal outstanding, are not part of the loan, and payments of such interest or penalties are not credited against the principal outstanding.

(2) Any repayments received by the Authority or loan purchaser will be applied in reduction or satisfaction of the liabilities of a borrower in the following order:–

(a) first, any outstanding penalties, costs, expenses or charges under regulations 24 or 25;

(b) second, any outstanding penalties, costs, expenses or charges under Part 5;

(c) third, any outstanding interest;

(d) fourth, any outstanding principal, which will be reduced or satisfied from the date of receipt.

Timing of repayments: general

15.–(1) A borrower may repay all or any part of a student loan to the Authority or loan purchaser at any time, by making direct payments to the Authority.

(2) A borrower is not required to repay any part of the student loan before the start of the following tax year commencing on 6 April after a borrower ceases to be eligible for financial support under Regulations made pursuant to section 22 of the 1998 Act, whether by reason of having completed that course or otherwise.

(3) Subject to paragraphs (7), (8) and regulation 16, the Authority must notify the borrower and HMRC of–

(a) the first or, as the case may be, next tax year in respect of which the borrower may be required to make repayments under Part 3;

(b) the date on and after which a borrower may be required to make repayments by deductions from earnings under Part 4;

(c) where the borrower has given the Authority notification in accordance with regulation 16(3), the tax year in respect of which the borrower will cease to be required to make repayments under Part 3;

(d) the tax year in which the borrower will cease to be required to make repayments under Part 3 because of the occurrence of a relevant event; and

(e) the date on and after which a borrower will cease to be required to make repayments by way of deduction from earnings under Part 4 because of the occurrence of a relevant event.

(4) For the purposes of paragraph (3)(d), a "relevant event" occurs when–

(a) the loan has been repaid in full to or via the Authority;

(b) an amount sufficient to repay the balance owing to the Authority or loan purchaser is likely to be received by HMRC under Part 4 or by the Authority directly from overseas borrowers by 30 April in the tax year immediately following the tax year in which the notice is issued;

(c) the loan has been cancelled; or

(d) the borrower becomes an eligible teacher in full-time eligible employment.

(5) For the purposes of paragraph (3)(e), a -�relevant event´ occurs when–

(a) the loan has been repaid in full to or via the Authority;

(b) an amount sufficient to repay in full the balance owing to the Authority or loan purchaser is likely to be received by HMRC under Parts 3 and 4 and by the Authority directly from overseas borrowers by the date given in the notice;

(c) the loan has been cancelled;

(d) the borrower has notified the Authority in accordance with regulation 16(3);

(e) the borrower becomes an eligible teacher in full-time eligible employment; or

(f) the borrower has undertaken to repay the loan in full after the date given in the notice in accordance with regulation 18 and meets the criteria of that regulation.

(6) The Authority must not issue a notice under paragraph (3)(d) after the end of the calendar year during which the tax year specified in the notice ends.

(7) Where the Authority has notified a borrower and HMRC that repayments under Parts 3 and 4 must no longer be made but at a later date it appears to the Authority that the student loan has not been fully repaid, then a further notice may be given in accordance with paragraph (3).

(8) No notice need be given under paragraph (3)(a) or (b) if the borrower´s loan does not exceed £120.

(9) Any notice which the Authority is required to give to HMRC pursuant to this regulation may be given in respect of one or more than one borrower, and in respect of each borrower, the Authority must provide the particulars required in paragraph (3).

(10) Any notice given by the Authority pursuant to the Education (Student Loan) (Repayment) Regulations 2000 prior to the coming into force of these Regulations is to be treated as having been given pursuant to these Regulations.

Timing of Repayment: teachers and eligible teachers

16.–(1) Where a borrower is an eligible teacher in full-time employment the Authority must not issue a notice under regulation 15(3)(a) to (d).

(2) Regulation 15(3) applies, however, if a borrower–

(a) ceases to be eligible for a reduction under the Teachers´ Regulations; or

(b) a borrower who is an eligible teacher in full-time eligible employment changes to part-time eligible employment.

(3) A borrower–

(a) whose student loan was made in connection with undertaking a course for the initial training of teachers, other than a course leading to a first degree; and

(b) who has notified the Authority in writing of a desire not to repay that student loan during any period in which the borrower is also required to repay a loan made under the Education (Student Loans) Act 1990(23) or the Education (Student Loans) (Northern Ireland) Order 1990(24),

is not be required to repay any part of the student loan during any such period.

(4) A borrower who is an eligible teacher in full-time eligible employment is not required to repay any part of a student loan during the period in which the borrower remains eligible under regulation 3(1) of the Teachers´ Regulations.

(5) A borrower who is an eligible teacher in part-time employment is not required to repay the proportion of any part of a student loan for which the borrower is eligible for a reduction under the Teachers´ Regulations during the period in which the borrower remains eligible under regulation 3(1) of the Teachers Regulations.

(6) Where under paragraph (1) the Authority is not required to give notices under regulation 15(3), a borrower may be required by the Authority to repay the student loan in such manner and over such period as in all the circumstances seems appropriate.

Date of repayment

17. For the purposes of this Part, repayment will be considered to have been paid by the borrower and received by the Authority or loan purchaser as follows:–

(a) where an amount is paid by the borrower directly to the Authority, or by direct debit under regulation 18, a repayment of that amount is considered to have been received on the date on which the amount is, in fact, received;

(b) where HMRC have notified the Authority that an amount has become payable to it in respect of a tax year under Part 3, a repayment of that amount is considered to have been received by the Authority on 31 January following the tax year, whether or not the borrower has, in fact, paid any or all of that amount to HMRC;

(c) where an amount is deducted by an employer under Part 4, that amount must be aggregated with all other amounts deducted in the same tax year and repayments of the aggregate amount will be considered to have been received by the Authority in equal instalments received on the days during the tax year which are-

(i) the last days of a month;

(ii) days after the date on which the Authority has given notice under regulation 15(3)(b) that payment should be deducted; and

(iii) days before the date on which the Authority has given notice under regulation 15(3)(e) that payment should cease to be deducted; and

(d) for the purposes of transferred loans, payment to the loan purchaser by the borrower is considered to have been received on the same day as payment is considered to have been received by the Authority in accordance with this regulation.

Direct debit repayment

18.–(1) This regulation will apply if–

(a) the borrower gives notice to the Authority of an intention to repay the outstanding balance in accordance with this regulation;

(b) the Authority is satisfied that the borrower is likely to repay all of the outstanding balance of the student loan under Part 4 within 23 months of that notice; and

(c) the borrower has not previously ceased making payments under this regulation without the loan having being repaid in full, unless such cessation was agreed by the Authority.

(2) Where this regulation applies, subject to paragraphs (3) and (4), the Authority must give notice to HMRC, in accordance with regulation 15(3)(e) that deductions from the borrower´s earnings are to cease from the date specified in the notice.

(3) The borrower must complete and return to the Authority in the format required by the Authority from time to time a standing instruction to the borrower´s bank authorising monthly lump sum payments to the Authority in such sum as is required to ensure payment of the outstanding balance within the next 23 months.

(4) The first date on which a bank, authorised by a borrower to make a payment, makes a payment must fall no later than 30 days after the date which the Authority specifies in a notice pursuant to regulation 15(3)(e).

(5) If at any time the instruction to the borrower´s bank–

(a) is refused on any second presentation by the Authority; or

(b) is cancelled or otherwise altered by the borrower without the permission of the Authority given under paragraph (6),

then the Authority must give notice of any refusal or failed payment to the borrower and must give a notice to HMRC and to the borrower pursuant to regulation 15(3) that deductions from earnings are to recommence unless regulation 15(8) would otherwise apply.

(6) The borrower may, at any time, agree with the Authority that repayment in accordance with this regulation will cease, and thereafter the Authority must give a notice to HMRC and to the borrower in accordance with regulation 15(3) that repayment through the tax system is to recommence unless regulation 15(8) would otherwise apply.

(7) The Authority may suspend or delay the operation of paragraph (5) if and to the extent it appears to the Authority expedient to do so, taking into account the causes of the failed payment and the Authority must notify the borrower of any suspension or delay as the case may be.

(8) This regulation will not affect any voluntary repayments made by a borrower by any method pursuant to regulation 15(1).

Cancellation

19.–(1) This regulation applies where a borrower is not in breach of any obligation to repay:

(a) a student loan under the overseas provisions;

(b) a student loan under regulation 18; or

(c) any loan mentioned in paragraph (4).

(2) In this regulation "post-2006 student loan" means any student loan paid under the 2006 Support Regulations or the 2006 Welsh Regulations or any subsequent Regulations made by the Secretary of State or the Welsh Ministers (as the case may be) under section 22 of the 1998 Act and taken out by–

(a) a borrower who takes out a student loan for the first time in respect of an academic year beginning on or after 1 September 2006; or

(b) a borrower who takes out a student loan in respect of a course which satisfies the following conditions-

(i) it begins on or after 1 September 2006;

(ii) it is not an end-on course following on from a course which the borrower began before 1 September 2006; and

(iii) it is not one to which the borrower´s status as a student eligible for support under Regulations made under section 22 of the 1998 Act has been transferred from another course which the borrower began before 1 September 2006.

(3) The Authority or loan purchaser must cancel the borrower´s liability to repay the student loan when one of the following occurs–

(a) the borrower dies;

(b) the borrower receives a disability-related benefit and because of the disability is permanently unfit for work;

(c) in the case of post-2006 student loans, the 25^th anniversary of the date on which the borrower became liable to repay the student loan; or

(d) in the case of student loans which are not post-2006 student loans, the borrower reaches the age of 65.

(4) For the purposes of paragraph (1) the loans are loans made under the Education (Student Loans) Act 1990, the Education (Student Loans) (Northern Ireland) Order 1990, the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 and Regulations made under it, and the Education (Student Support) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998(25) and Regulations made under it.

(5) The cancellation of the borrower´s liability to repay the student loan under paragraph (3) does not affect the liability of the borrower to make repayments under Part 3 subject to and in accordance with that Part in respect of any tax year–

(a) in the case of cancellation under paragraph (3)(a), during which the borrower was alive; and

(b) in any other case, preceding the tax year during which the student loan was cancelled.

(6) The cancellation of a borrower´s liability to repay the student loan under paragraph (3) does not affect the employer´s liability to make deductions under Part 4 subject to and in accordance with that Part in respect of any earnings period ending before the date of cancellation.

Refunds

20.–(1) Where the Authority has received a repayment either directly from the borrower or from HMRC under Part 4–

(a) which results in the student loan being repaid in full, or

(b) when the student loan has already been repaid in full,

the Authority must refund to the borrower any amount not required to repay the loan in full together with interest calculated as if it were the principal of a student loan outstanding from the date of receipt of the repayment to the date of the refund.

(2) Where the Authority is considered to have received a payment from HMRC under Part 3 in respect of a tax year -

(a) which results in the student loan being repaid in full, or

(b) when the student loan has already been repaid in full,

the repayment will be considered to have been received by the Authority on 31 January next following the tax year in accordance with regulation 17(b) and the Authority must refund to HMRC for the borrower´s account any overpayment which results from the receipt.

(3) A refund under paragraph (2) will not carry interest and HMRC will be considered to have received the refund on the date on which the amount refunded was considered to have been received by the Authority in accordance with regulation 17.

(4) Where the Authority has received a repayment by way of deduction from the borrower´s earnings for a tax year in accordance with Part 4 and those earnings do not exceed £15,000, the Authority must refund the amount deducted if the borrower applies for a refund.

(5) Where the Authority has received a voluntary payment not required under these Regulations in relation to the student loan of a borrower who is an eligible teacher after the date on which the borrower has commenced eligible employment or 1 September 2002 whichever is the later, the Authority may refund to the borrower–

(a) who is a full-time eligible teacher, an amount equal to that payment, or

(b) who is a part-time eligible teacher, an amount equal to the part of that payment which is not required to pay the student loan in full not including the proportion of the loan for which the teacher is eligible for a reduction under the Teachers´ Regulations.

Interest rate on the loans

21.–(1) Subject to paragraph (2), during any academic year, if the Authority determines that student loans will bear interest, loans bear interest at the rate which will result in an annual percentage rate of charge determined in accordance with the Consumer Credit (Total Charge for Credit) Regulations 1980(26) equal to the percentage increase between the retail prices all items index published by the Office for National Statistics for the two Marches immediately before the commencement of the academic year.

(2) If the rate referred to in paragraph (1) exceeds the rate for the time being specified for the purposes of any exemption conferred by virtue of section 16(5)(b) of the Consumer Credit Act 1974(27) student loans bear interest at the rate so specified.

(3) Interest is calculated on the principal outstanding daily and is added to the principal monthly.

(4) The index of prices to which the Authority is required by section 22(8) of the 1998 Act to have regard in prescribing the rate of interest which student loans bear is the retail prices all items index mentioned in paragraph (1).

(5) The Authority must publish, at least once a year, by whatever means and in whatever media the Authority thinks fit, the interest rate determined in accordance with paragraph (1) for any forthcoming academic year, subject to any variation required by virtue of paragraph (2) to be applied.

(6) If, for any academic year, the Authority determines not to charge interest on student loans, the Authority must publish notice of that fact in the same manner.

(7) If, for any academic year, the Authority publishes more than one rate of interest to apply to student loans, any subsequent rate so published will replace any previously published rate as the rate to apply from the date specified in the notice.

Information requests

22. If a borrower-

(a) changes home address; or

(b) changes name,

the borrower must inform, and provide particulars of the change to, the Authority within six weeks of the relevant change.

Information notices

23.–(1) The Authority may serve a notice ("an Information Notice") on a borrower at the borrower´s home address.

(2) An Information Notice under paragraph (1) may require the borrower to provide some or all of the following, together with documentary evidence in support where relevant -

(a) full name;

(b) telephone number and/or email address;

(c) National Insurance number or a valid reason for not having one;

(d) date of birth;

(e) a statement of whether the borrower is employed, self-employed or not employed;

(f) the following particulars of employment and income during the period specified in the notice-

(i) for each part of that period during which the borrower was employed, the dates on which the employment began and (unless continuing) ended, the name and address of the employer, employee number, and gross earnings;

(ii) for each part of that period during which the borrower was self-employed, the dates on which that self-employment began and (unless continuing) ended and the borrower´s gross earnings; and

(iii) the amount, source and date of receipt of any other income.

(3) An Information Notice under paragraph (1) must contain statements detailing the penalties for failure to comply with an Information Notice set out in regulations 24 and 27.

(4) Where the Authority serves an Information Notice on a borrower under paragraph (1), the borrower must comply with it within 28 days beginning with the day on which the Information Notice was served.

Penalties and Penalty Notices

24.–(1) Where a borrower fails to comply with regulation 22, the Authority may require the borrower to pay a penalty of £50.

(2) Where a borrower fails to comply with regulation 23(4), the Authority may require the borrower to pay a penalty of £50.

(3) Where a borrower is liable to a penalty under paragraphs (1) or (2) and has not paid it by the time of the expiry of the time limit for payment, the Authority may require the borrower to pay one additional penalty of £100 in respect of that failure.

(4) Where a borrower was liable to a penalty under paragraphs (1) or (2) and has paid the penalty but not complied with the requirements of the relevant regulation within 28 days of the date of payment of the penalty, the Authority may require the borrower to pay one additional penalty of £100 in respect of that failure.

(5) The Authority must notify the borrower of a penalty imposed under paragraphs (1) to (4) by serving a notice ("a Penalty Notice") on the borrower at the borrower´s home address containing the details of that and other possible penalties under regulations 24 and 27.

(6) A penalty imposed under paragraphs (1) to (4) is payable within 28 days beginning on the day on which the Penalty Notice was served, despite the provisions of regulation 15(3), (4), (5) or (6).

(7) The Authority may add any penalty imposed under this regulation to the borrower´s loan account and it will form part of the principal of the loan from the date on which it is added.

Costs and expenses

25.–(1) Where the Authority incurs reasonable costs or expenses in taking steps to–

(a) serve an Information Notice on a borrower under regulation 23(1);

(b) obtain the information requested in an Information Notice served under regulation 23(1); or,

(c) serve a Penalty Notice on a borrower under regulation 24(5).

the Authority may require the reimbursement of those costs or expenses by the borrower.

(2) Where the Authority incurs such costs or expenses as are referred to in paragraphs (1)(a) to (c) in respect of a transferred loan, the Authority is entitled to recover such costs and expenses as are incurred on behalf of the loan purchaser.

(3) The Authority may add any costs or expenses incurred under this regulation to the borrower´s loan account and they will form part of the principal of the student loan from the date on which they are added.

(4) In respect of any transferred loan, any sum added to the borrower´s loan account in accordance with paragraph (3) is owed to the loan purchaser.

Alteration of relevant time limits

26. Where the Authority considers that, having regard to all the circumstances of a particular case, a time limit in regulation 22, 23(4), 24(4) or 24(6) should be relaxed, the Authority may specify another time limit.

Foreclosure

27. Where a borrower fails to comply with an Information or Penalty Notice or both, the Authority may require the borrower to repay the student loan in full immediately.

PART 3 Repayments by Assessment to Income Tax

Repayments of student loans by persons required to submit a tax return

28. Repayments by a borrower who in respect of any tax year is required to make and deliver to HMRC a return under section 8 of the 1970 Act must be made, accounted for and recovered in the same manner as income tax payable under the Taxes Acts (whether or not any loan of the borrower is a transferred loan); and in such cases the provisions of this Part (which with extensions and modifications include provisions of the Taxes Acts) will apply to and for the purposes of such repayments.

Time for and amount of repayments

29.–(1) Every borrower who has received a notice from the Authority of a requirement to make repayments of a student loan under regulation 15(3)(a) must make repayment in respect of any tax year–

(a) which is specified in a notice under regulation 15(3)(a) or which, subject to paragraph (2), is any subsequent year up to and including any year specified in a notice under regulation 15(3)(d); and

(b) for which the borrower has been required to make and deliver a return under section 8 of the 1970 Act.

(2) A borrower will not be required to make repayments in respect of any tax year specified in a notice under regulation 15(3)(c) or any subsequent year falling before a year specified in a subsequent notice under regulation 15(3)(a).

(3) The repayment must be an amount equal to 9% of the borrower´s total income for that year calculated in accordance with paragraph (4).

(4) A borrower´s total income for the purposes of paragraph (3) will be calculated by identifying the borrower´s total income in accordance with step 1 of section 23 of the 2007 Act and from that total income:

(a) excluding the first £15,000;

(b) where a borrower is an eligible teacher in part-time eligible employment, excluding any amount of income from that employment in excess of £15,000;

(c) excluding unearned income unless the amount of such income for that year exceeds £2,000;

(d) excluding incapacity benefit payable under the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992(28);

(e) excluding amounts chargeable to tax under Chapters 5, 6, 7 or 10 of Part 3 of the 2003 Act (benefits in kind);

(f) excluding amounts of any reduction or repayment made under the Teachers´ Regulations;

(g) excluding Employment and Support Allowance paid under the Welfare Reform Act 2007(29);

(h) deducting the amount of any loss in respect of which relief is given under-

(i) section 64 of the 2007 Act (in respect of losses in a trade, profession or vocation), or

(ii) section 128 of the 2007 Act (in respect of losses in an employment); and

(i) deducting the amount of any payment in respect of which relief is given under section 96 of the 2007 Act (relief for post-cessation expenditure);

(j) deducting any amounts in respect of which relief is given under Part 4 Chapter 4 of the Finance Act 2004 (pension schemes etc)(30) and that have not been included in the calculation of total income at step 1 of section 23 of the 2007 Act(31).

(5) For the purposes of this regulation, unearned income is income other than–

(a) income charged under the provisions of either the 2003 Act or Part 2 of the 2005 Act except jobseeker´s allowance to which Chapter 3 of Part 10 of the 2003 Act applies; and

(b) the profits of a UK furnished holiday lettings business within the meaning of section 127(2) of the 2007 Act.

(6) For the purposes of this regulation, "jobseeker´s allowance" means an allowance within the meaning of Part 1 of the Jobseekers Act 1995(32).

Personal return

30. For the purposes of establishing the amount of the repayment which a borrower is required to make for a tax year under regulation 29, HMRC may require the borrower–

(a) to include such information as may reasonably be required, in a return required to be made and delivered under section 8 of the 1970 Act ; and

(b) to deliver with the return such accounts, statements and documents as may reasonably be required relating to information contained in the return as a result of paragraph (a).

Returns to include self-assessment

31.–(1) Subject to paragraph (2), every return made and delivered by a borrower under section 8 of the 1970 Act must include a self-assessment, namely–

(a) an assessment of the amount of the repayment which, on the basis of the information contained in the return and taking into account any relief or allowance mentioned in regulation 29 the borrower is required to make for the tax year under regulation 29; and

(b) an assessment of the amount payable by the borrower by way of repayment, being the difference between the amount of the repayment which the borrower is assessed to make for the tax year under sub-paragraph (a) and the aggregate amount of any repayments deducted from earnings under Part 4 during that year.

(2) Section 9(2) to (3A) (self-assessment) and section 9A (power to enquire into returns) of the 1970 Act apply to a self-assessment under this regulation as they apply to a self-assessment under section 9(1) of that Act, and any references in the Taxes Acts to those sections is to be construed as a reference to them as extended by this regulation.

Records

32. Section 12B of the 1970 Act (records to be kept for the purposes of returns) applies in the case of a borrower as if any reference to a return includes reference to a return including the information required by regulation 30(b).

Other returns and information

33.–(1) Sections 13 (persons in receipt of taxable income belonging to others), 15 (return of employees´ earnings etc), 16 (fees, commissions, etc), 16A (agency workers), 20A (power to call for papers of tax accountant), 20BA (orders for the delivery of documents) and 20BB (falsification etc of documents) of the 1970 Act apply for the purposes of establishing the amount of the repayment a borrower may be required to make under this Part as they apply for the purposes of establishing the amounts in which a person is chargeable to income tax.

(2) Schedule 36 to the Finance Act 2008(33) (information and inspection powers) applies in relation to checking a borrower´s compliance with this Part as it applies in relation to checking a person´s tax position (as defined in that Schedule) subject to the modifications in paragraph (3).

(3) The modifications are –

(a) any reference to any provision of the Taxes Acts is to be treated as a reference to this Part;

(b) any reference to prejudice to the assessment or collection of tax is to be treated as a reference to prejudice to the assessment or collection of student loan repayments;

(c) the reference to information relating to the conduct of a pending appeal relating to tax is to be treated as a reference to information relating to the conduct of a pending appeal relating to compliance with this Part; and

(d) in paragraph 21(6)–

(i) paragraphs (a) and (c) are omitted; and

(ii) in paragraph (b) the reference to relevant tax for the chargeable period is to be treated as a reference to the amount of the student loan repayment shown in the self-assessment under regulation 31.

Assessment, claims and appeals

34.–(1) Subject to paragraph (2), Parts 4 (assessment and claims) and 5 (appeals and other proceedings) of the 1970 Act apply with any necessary modifications for the purposes of–

(a) assessing the amount of the repayment a borrower is required to make under this Part;

(b) claims or other matters concerning such assessment; and

(c) appeals against any such assessment,

as if any reference to an assessment or a self-assessment included a reference to an assessment or self-assessment for the purposes of this Part.

(2) HMRC may not determine the amount of a repayment which a borrower may be required to make under this Part under section 28C of the 1970 Act (determination of tax where no return delivered).

Payment

35.–(1) Any repayment by a borrower under this Part must be paid as if the repayment were an amount of income tax payable by the borrower under section 59B of the 1970 Act (payment of income tax and capital gains tax) in accordance with the following paragraphs.

(2) In a case where the borrower–

(a) gave the notice required by section 7 of the 1970 Act within 6 months from the end of the tax year, but

(b) was not given notice under section 8 of the 1970 Act until after 31 October next following that year,

any repayment by a borrower must be made at the end of the period of three months beginning with the day on which the notice under section 8 of the 1970 Act was given.

(3) In any other case the repayment must be made on or before 31 January next following the tax year.

(4) Section 59B(4A), (5) or (6) of the 1970 Act applies where an enquiry, an amendment of a self-assessment or an assessment is made in respect of a repayment under this Part respectively, and any reference to tax payable in those subsections is to be treated as a reference to a repayment by a borrower.

(5) Sections 59B(5A), (7) and (8) of the 1970 Act do not apply for the purposes of this regulation.

Surcharges

36. Section 59C of the 1970 Act (surcharges on unpaid income tax and capital gains tax) applies to repayments which have become payable by a borrower under this Part as it applies to income tax payable in accordance with section 55 or 59B of that Act.

Collection and recovery

37. Part 6 of the 1970 Act (collection and recovery) applies to repayments, interest and penalties which have become due and payable by a borrower under this Part as it applies to income tax and interest charged and penalties imposed under that Act.

Persons chargeable in a representative capacity

38. Sections 72 (trustees, guardians, etc of incapacitated persons), 74 (personal representatives), 75 (receivers appointed by a court) and 76 (protection for certain trustees, agents and receivers) of the 1970 Act apply in the case of repayments due and payable by a borrower under this Part as they apply in the case of income tax chargeable to any person.

Interest

39.–(1) Any repayment due and payable under this Part carries interest at the rate applicable under section 178 of the Finance Act 1989(34) for the purposes of section 86 of the 1970 Act from whichever of the following days is applicable–

(a) the last day of the period referred to in regulation 35(2); or

(b) the date mentioned in regulation 35(3),

until payment, whether or not the applicable day is a non-business day within the meaning of section 92 of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882(35).

(2) Sections 90 and 91 of the 1970 Act apply to interest under this regulation as they apply to interest on income tax.

(3) A refund by HMRC to a borrower of an overpayment of amounts payable under this Part carries interest at the rate applicable under section 178 of the Finance Act 1989 from the date on which the overpayment arose to the date on which the order for the refund is issued.

Penalties

40.–(1) Section 93 of the 1970 Act (failure to make a return for income tax and capital gains tax) applies to returns under section 8 of that Act which are required to include information under regulation 30 as it applies to any other such returns.

(2) In the case of such returns the references in section 93 of the 1970 Act to liability to tax which would have been shown in the return are construed as references to the aggregate of the amounts which, if a proper return had been delivered on the filing date, would have been payable–

(a) by the taxpayer under section 59B of that Act (payment of income tax and capital gains tax); and

(b) where the taxpayer is a borrower, by way of repayment under regulation 29.

(3) For tax years ending on or before 5 April 2008–

(a) section 95 of the 1970 Act (incorrect return or accounts for income tax or capital gains tax) applies in relation to anything done for the purposes of or in connection with the ascertainment of liability of a borrower to make a repayment under this Part as it applies for the purposes of or in connection with the ascertainment of liability to income tax, and for that purpose the difference referred to in section 95(2) is the difference between-

(i) the amount calculated under regulation 29(1); and

(ii) the amount which would have been the amount so calculated if the return, statement, declaration or accounts as made or submitted by the borrower had been correct;

(b) section 97 (incorrect returns or accounts; supplemental) of the 1970 Act applies in the case of returns, statements, declarations, accounts, information or documents for the purposes of repayments under this Part as it applies for the purposes of income tax.

(4) For tax years commencing on or after 6 April 2008, where the date on which the return is due to be filed is on or after 6 April 2009, Schedule 24 to the Finance Act 2007(36) (penalties for errors) applies–

(a) in relation to anything done for the purposes of or in connection with the ascertainment of liability of a borrower to make a repayment under this Part as it applies for the purposes of or in connection with the ascertainment of liability to income tax; and

(b) in the case of returns, statements, declarations, accounts, information or documents for the purposes of repayments under this Part as it applies for the purposes of income tax.

PART 4 Deduction of Repayments by Employers

Interpretation

41. In this Part–

"combined amount" means an amount which includes deductions of student loan repayments under this Part and one or more of the following:

"the Contributions Regulations" means the Social Security (Contributions) Regulations 2001(38);

"deductions working sheet" means any form of record on or in which are to be kept matters required by the Contributions Regulations in connection with an employee´s earnings and deductions;

"earnings" means, subject to regulation 45 of these Regulations, such sums as-

"employee" means any person in receipt of earnings;

"employer" means any person paying earnings to an employee, and includes the Crown;

"Form P45" has the same meaning as in the PAYE Regulations;

"Form P46" has the same meaning as in the PAYE Regulations;

"income tax month" means the period beginning on the 6^th day of any calendar month and ending on the 5^th day of the following calendar month;

"income tax period" means income tax quarter where regulation 54(2) has effect, but otherwise means income tax month;

"income tax quarter" means the period beginning on 6 April and ending on 5 July, or beginning on 6 July and ending on 5 October, or beginning on 6 October and ending on 5 January, or beginning on 6 January and ending on 5 April;

"the PAYE Regulations" means the Income Tax (Pay As You Earn) Regulations 2003(41).

Repayment of student loans by employees

42. Subject to the provisions contained in this Part, repayments by a borrower who is an employee must be made, accounted for and recovered in the same manner as income tax deducted from the earnings of an office or employment by virtue of Regulations under section 684 of the 2003 Act (whether or not any loan of the borrower is a transferred loan).

Commencement of employment

43. Where at the commencement of employment a borrower is required to complete a Form P46, the borrower must declare any liability to repay any student loan in that Form P46.

Amount of repayments

44.–(1) The repayment deducted must be 9% of any earnings paid to, or provided to or for the benefit of, the borrower in respect of the employment which exceed the threshold specified in paragraph (2).

(2) The threshold is–

(a) £15,000, where the earnings period specified in respect of those earnings is a tax year; or

(b) in any other case, the amount which bears the same relation to £15,000 as the number of days, weeks or months of the earnings period specified in respect of those earnings bears to the number of days, weeks or months in the tax year respectively.

(3) Where a repayment calculated under paragraph (1) includes pence as well as pounds the pence are to be ignored.

(4) Alternatively, the repayment calculated under paragraph (1) may be calculated in accordance with the appropriate table prepared by the Authority.

(5) Where a table would otherwise be appropriate, but the earnings period is a multiple of the period in the table, then the table may be applied by–

(a) dividing the actual earnings by such figure (X) as will give the earnings earned for the period shown in the table;

(b) taking the appropriate repayment specified in the table; and

(c) multiplying the table repayment sum by figure X,

to produce the appropriate payment sum for the actual earnings period.

Calculation of earnings

45.–(1) In calculating earnings for the purposes of these Regulations, earnings paid to or for the benefit of an employee are aggregated or not aggregated as they are for the purposes of the Contributions Regulations.

(2) HMRC may, where it is satisfied as to the existence of any practice in respect of the payment of earnings which causes the incidence of repayments to be avoided or reduced by means of the payment of earnings to or for the benefit of an employee by different persons in respect of different employments, give directions for securing that such repayments are made as if the practice were not followed.

(3) HMRC may, where it is satisfied as to the existence of any practice in respect of the payment of earnings which causes the incidence of repayments to be avoided or reduced by means of irregular or unequal payments, give directions for securing that such repayments are made as if that practice were not followed.

Earnings periods

46.–(1) The amount of repayments, if any, which is deducted by the employer must, subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), be calculated by reference to the amount of earnings paid to, or provided to or for the benefit of, the borrower in respect of the employment, in the earnings period specified or determined in respect of those earnings for the purposes of the Contributions Regulations.

(2) Where earnings in respect of two or more employments–

(a) fall to be aggregated for the purposes of the Contributions Regulations; and

(b) the earnings periods in respect of those earnings are, by virtue of the Contributions Regulations, of different lengths,

the earnings period specified in respect of the aggregated earnings will be the shorter or shortest of those earnings periods.

Multiple employers

47.–(1) Where –

(a) an employer has made an election under regulation 98(1) of the PAYE Regulations (Multiple PAYE schemes); and

(b) no improper purpose notice has been issued under regulation 99(1) of those Regulations (Multiple PAYE schemes: election made for improper purpose ineffective), or, if one has been issued, it has been withdrawn under regulation 99(5),

the employer is to be treated as having made an election for the purposes of those Regulations.

(2) Where earnings in respect of two or more employments fall to be aggregated under regulation 15(1)(a) of the Contributions Regulations, the amount to be deducted is apportioned between the employers in the same proportions as secondary Class 1 contributions are apportioned between them under that regulation.

Intermediate employers

48.–(1) This regulation applies where a direction has been given by HMRC under section 691 of the 2003 Act (PAYE: mobile UK workforce) and for the purposes of this regulation–

(a) "the principal employer" means the person specified as the relevant person in the direction; and

(b) "the immediate employer" means the person specified as the contractor in that direction.

(2) Where an employee works for a person who is not an immediate employer of the employee, that person ("the principal employer") is deemed to be the employer for the purposes of these Regulations and the immediate employer must provide the principal employer with such particulars of the employee´s earnings as may be necessary to enable the principal employer to comply with these Regulations.

(3) If the employee´s earnings are paid to the employee by the immediate employer then–

(a) the principal employer must notify the immediate employer of the amount of repayments which are to be deducted when the earnings are paid to the employee, and the immediate employer must deduct the amount notified accordingly; and

(b) the principal employer may make a corresponding deduction on making the payment to the immediate employer of the sum from which the earnings in question are to be paid.

Notice to employers

49.–(1) Where HMRC has been given notice by the Authority under regulation 15(3)(b) that a borrower may be required to make repayments under this Part on and after a specified date, HMRC must give notice to any person who to its knowledge is an employer of the borrower requiring the employer to make deductions of repayments from earnings paid to the borrower in accordance with these Regulations.

(2) A notice under paragraph (1) must contain–

(a) the employee´s name;

(b) the employee´s National Insurance number; and

(c) the date on and after which the employer is required to make deductions.

(3) Where HMRC has been given notice by the Authority under regulation 15(3)(e) that it is no longer necessary for a borrower to make repayments after a particular date, HMRC must notify anyone who to its knowledge is an employer of that borrower requiring the employer not to make deductions from the borrower´s earnings on or after a particular date under this Part accordingly.

(4) A notice under paragraph (3) must contain–

(a) the employee´s name;

(b) the employee´s National Insurance number; and

(c) the date on and after which no deduction is required to be made.

(5) If HMRC is to give notices to an employer of two or more borrowers in accordance with paragraphs (1) or (3) or both, HMRC may give one notice in respect of all such borrowers containing, in respect of each of them, the particulars specified in paragraph (2) or (4) as the case requires.

Deductions of repayments

50.–(1) Every employer who has received–

(a) a notice under regulation 49(1);

(b) a Form P45 containing a statement under regulation 67 of these Regulations; or

(c) a Form P46 stating that the employee has a student loan which requires repayment,

must, on making to that employee any payment of earnings on the first available pay date, which falls on or after the date referred to in paragraph (2) and at any time after that pay date, but before the date referred to in paragraph (3), deduct the appropriate repayment in accordance with these Regulations.

(2) The date is–

(a) where the employer has received notice from HMRC under regulation 49(1), the date specified in the notice as the date on and after which deductions must be made;

(b) where the employer has received a Form P45, the date on which that Form is first received; or

(c) where the employer has received a Form P46 stating that the employee has a student loan which requires repayment, the date on which that Form is first received.

(3) The date referred to in this paragraph is the date specified in the notice given by HMRC under regulation 49(3) as the date on and after which deductions must not be made; and the employer must not make deductions on or after the first available pay day on or after this date.

(4) Where two or more payments of earnings are to be aggregated for the purposes of calculating the amount of a repayment requiring deduction the employer may deduct that amount either wholly from one such payment or partly from one and partly from the other or any one or more of the others.

(5) Subject to paragraphs (6) and (7), if the employer does not deduct from any payment of earnings to an employee the full amount of a repayment which should have been deducted, the employer may deduct the remainder of the sum which should have been deducted from any subsequent payment or payments of earnings to that employee during the same tax year.

(6) An employer may not make a subsequent deduction in respect of any remainder not previously deducted after the date referred to in paragraph (3).

(7) The amount of any subsequent deduction referred to in paragraph (5) may be an amount in addition to but must not exceed the amount deductible from the payment under the other provisions of this Part.

(8) If the employer deducts any repayment from the earnings of an employee who is a borrower in accordance with these Regulations, the employer is not required to repay any amount to the employee only because that amount was not owed by the employee to the Authority or loan purchaser (as the case may be) as all or part of a student loan.

(9) Paragraph (1) does not apply to an employer of an eligible teacher in respect of eligible employment where the employer has received a written notice from the Authority to that effect.

Priority where other deductions required

51.–(1) Where any employer is required to deduct repayments from a payment under regulation 50 but the aggregate of the deduction and any deductions on account of income tax and National Insurance contributions exceeds the amount of the payment, the employer must make the deductions on account of income tax and National Insurance first and the amount of the repayment which is to be deducted must be the remaining balance.

(2) Where an employer is required to deduct repayments from a payment under regulation 50 and is also required to comply with one or more of any of the types of notice or order in paragraph (3), paragraph (4) will apply.

(3) For the purposes of this paragraph, the notices and orders are–

(a) attachment of earnings orders made under the Attachment of Earnings Act 1971 ("the 1971 Act")(42), the Community Charge (Administration and Enforcement) Regulations 1989(43) ("the Community Charge Regulations"), the Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) Regulations 1992(44) ("the Council Tax Regulations"), the Judgments Enforcement (Northern Ireland) Order 1981(45), the Magistrates´ Courts Order 1981(46);

(b) deductions of earnings orders made under the Child Support (Collection and Enforcement) Regulations 1992(47); or

(c) income support deduction notices made under regulation 20 of the Social Security (Payments on Account, Overpayments and Recovery) Regulations 1988(48) ("the Social Security Regulations").

(4) An employer must deduct repayments as if they were amounts requiring deduction pursuant to an order under the 1971 Act which–

(a) was not made to secure the repayment of a judgement debt or payments under an administration order;

(b) was the most recent order under that Act not made for that purpose; and

(c) specifies a protected earnings rate equal to the protected earnings rate specified in the most recent attachment of earnings order, deduction of earnings order or income support deduction notice not made for that purpose which specifies such a rate, unless there is no such order or notice.

(5) Where in the circumstances described in paragraph (4) an employer is required to comply with an attachment of earnings order made under the Community Charge Regulations, the Council Tax Regulations or an income support deduction notice under regulation 20 of the Social Security Regulations before deducting a repayment under regulation 50, no repayment must be deducted by the employer.

(6) Where an employer is required to deduct repayments from a payment under regulation 50 and is also required to comply with one or more earnings arrestments, current maintenance arrestments or conjoined arrestment orders within the meaning of the Debtors (Scotland) Act 1987(49) (whether or not also required to comply with an attachment of earnings order, deduction of earnings order or income support deduction notice), no repayments under regulation 50 may be deducted.

(7) Where repayments to be deducted in accordance with paragraph (4) are reduced as a result of paragraph 4(c) and the total of the reduced payments includes pence as well as pounds the pence are to be ignored.

Deductions working sheet

52.–(1) The employer must record on the deductions working sheet for an employee the amount of any deduction from any payment of earnings under these Regulations.

(2) Where two or more payments of earnings are to be aggregated for the purposes of calculating the amount of repayments requiring deduction, the employer must record a single amount, being the total of the amount requiring deduction in respect of the aggregated payments, rather than recording separate amounts in respect of each such payment.

Certificate of repayments

53.–(1) Where the employer is required to give an employee a certificate in accordance with regulation 67 of the PAYE Regulations, or paragraph 9 of Schedule 4 to the Contributions Regulations (Form P60), the employer must record in the certificate the amount of repayments deducted by that employer in the tax year to which the certificate relates.

(2) Where the employer is not otherwise required to give an employee who is an employee on the last day of the tax year such a certificate but has deducted repayments in respect of a tax year the employer must give the employee a certificate showing the amount of repayments deducted for that tax year.

Payment of repayments deducted to HMRC

54.–(1) Subject to paragraphs (2), (3) and (6) the employer must pay an amount equal to the smaller of the repayments–

(a) deducted by the employer under these Regulations during an income tax month; or

(b) which the employer was required to deduct under these Regulations during that income tax month,

to HMRC within 14 days of the end of that income tax month.

(2) Where, under paragraph 11 of Schedule 4 to the Contributions Regulations, the employer is required to pay National Insurance contributions due in respect of earnings paid in an income tax quarter within 14 days of its end, then subject to paragraphs (3) and (6), the employer must pay an amount equal to the smaller of the repayments–

(a) deducted by the employer under these Regulations during an income tax quarter, or

(b) which the employer is required to deduct during that quarter,

to HMRC within 14 days of the end of that income tax quarter.

(3) Where, before 1 April 2006, the employer has under regulation 7(2) of the Tax Credits (Payment by Employers) Regulations 1999(50) or the Working Tax Credit (Payment by Employers) Regulations 2002(51) funded the payment of tax credit out of repayments deducted under these Regulations or the Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) Regulations 2000, the amount requiring payment to HMRC under paragraph (1) or (2) must be reduced by the amount of tax credit which the employer has funded in the income tax period.

(4) Subject to paragraph (5), if the employer has paid to HMRC on account of repayments under this regulation an amount which the employer was not liable to pay, the amounts which the employer is required subsequently to pay in respect of other payments of earnings made by the employer during the same tax year must be reduced by the amount overpaid.

(5) If the overpayment referred to in paragraph (4) corresponds to an over-deduction from the earnings of one or more employees, an employer may only act in accordance with paragraph (4) if and to the extent that the employer has reimbursed the employee or employees for that over-deduction.

(6) Where an employer makes a payment in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) by an approved method of electronic communications, payment must be made within 17 days of the end of the relevant income tax period.

Notice and certificate when repayments deducted not paid

55.–(1) This regulation applies where, within 17 days of the end of any income tax period the employer has paid no amount in respect of student loan repayments to HMRC under regulation 54 for that income tax period and HMRC is unaware of the amount, if any, which the employer is liable to pay.

(2) Where this regulation applies, HMRC may give notice to the employer requiring the employer to render a return within 14 days in such form as HMRC may prescribe showing the amount in respect of student loan repayments which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC under regulation 54 in respect of the relevant income tax period.

(3) Where a notice given by HMRC under paragraph (2) extends to two or more consecutive income tax periods, these Regulations have effect as if the consecutive income tax periods were one income tax period.

(4) HMRC may give notice under paragraph (2), even if an amount in respect of student loan repayments has been paid to HMRC by the employer under regulation 54 for an income tax period, if HMRC is not satisfied that the amount paid is the full amount which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC in respect of the income tax period in question.

(5) Upon receipt of a return made by the employer under paragraph (2) HMRC may prepare a certificate showing the amount in respect of student loan repayments which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC in respect of the income tax period in question.

(6) The production of the return made by the employer under paragraph (2) and of the certificate of HMRC under paragraph (5) is sufficient evidence that the amount shown in the certificate is the amount of student loan repayment which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC in respect of the income tax period in question.

(7) Any document purporting to be a certificate under paragraph (5) is deemed to be such a certificate until the contrary is proved.

Notice of specified amount and certificate when repayments not deducted

56.–(1) This regulation applies where, after 17 days following the end of any income tax period, the employer has paid no amount in respect of student loan repayments to HMRC under regulation 54 for that income tax period and there is reason to believe that the employer is liable to pay such repayments.

(2) Where this regulation applies, HMRC upon consideration of the employer´s record of past payments, whether of student loan repayments or of combined amounts, may to the best of its judgment specify the amount in respect of student loan repayments or of a combined amount which it considers the employer is liable to pay, and serve notice on the employer of that amount.

(3) Where the employer has paid no amount under regulation 54 for the relevant income tax periods, HMRC may give a notice under paragraph (2) which extends to two or more consecutive income tax periods and these Regulations have effect as if those income tax periods were the latest income tax period specified in the notice.

(4) HMRC may give a notice under paragraph (2) even if an amount in respect of student loan repayments has been paid to it by the employer under regulation 54 for any income tax period, if HMRC is not satisfied, having sought the employer´s explanation, that the amount paid is the full amount which the employer is liable to pay to it for that income tax period and this regulation will apply to the amount specified.

(5) If the employer claims during the period allowed in a notice given under paragraph (2) that the payment made in respect of the income tax period specified is, or includes, the full amount of student loan repayments which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC for that period, but does not satisfy HMRC of this, then–

(a) the employer may require HMRC to inspect the employer´s documents and records as if an officer of Revenue and Customs had called upon the employer to produce those documents and records in accordance with regulation 60; and

(b) regulation 60 applies to that inspection and the notice given by HMRC under paragraph (2) is to be disregarded.

(6) Subject to paragraph (7), if the specified amount, or any part of it, is unpaid on the expiration of the period of seven days allowed in the notice, the amount unpaid–

(a) is deemed to be an amount in respect of student loan repayments or to include an amount in respect of student loan repayments which the employer was liable to pay for that income tax period in accordance with regulation 54, and

(b) may be certified by HMRC.

(7) Paragraph (6) does not apply if during the period allowed in the notice–

(a) the full amount which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC for that income tax period is paid, or

(b) the employer satisfies HMRC that no amount, or no further amount, is due for that income tax period.

(8) The production of a certificate under paragraph (6) is sufficient evidence that the employer is liable to pay the amount shown in the certificate to HMRC.

(9) Any document purporting to be a certificate under paragraph (6) is deemed to be such a certificate until the contrary is proved.

(10) Despite any other provision of this regulation, if an employer pays any amount certified by HMRC under this regulation and that amount exceeds the amount which the employer would have been liable to pay in respect of that income tax period apart from this regulation, the employer is entitled to set off such excess payment against any amount which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC under regulation 54 for any subsequent income tax period.

(11) If the employer renders the return required by regulation 59 after the end of the tax year and pays the total net amount in respect of student loan repayments which the employer is liable to pay, any excess amount paid and not otherwise recovered by set-off in accordance with this regulation is to be repaid.

Recovery of payments deducted through the income tax system

57.–(1) The provisions of the Taxes Acts and of any Regulations under section 684 of the 2003 Act relating to the recovery of tax apply to the recovery of any amount which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC under regulation 54, 55, 56, 59 or 60 as if that amount had been tax charged by way of an assessment on the employer as employment income under the 2003 Act.

(2) Without prejudice to paragraph (1), regulation 84 of the PAYE Regulations applies to the amount shown in a certificate under regulation 55(5), 56(6), 59(4), or 60(4), with the modification that summary proceedings for the recovery of the amount in respect of student loan repayments or a combined amount, or such part of it as remains unpaid, together with any interest payable on such amount, may be brought at any time before the expiry of 12 months after the date of the certificate.

(3) In the application of any provisions referred to in paragraph (1) to any proceedings under this regulation which limit the amount which is recoverable in those proceedings, any other element of a combined amount which may by virtue of paragraphs (4) to (6) be included as part of the cause of action or matter of complaint in those proceedings is to be disregarded.

(4) Proceedings may be brought for the recovery of-

(a) the total amount which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC under regulation 54, or

(b) the total amount which the employer is liable to pay HMRC as a combined amount including any amount under regulation 54, without specifying the respective amounts of any component of a combined amount or distinguishing the amounts which the employer is liable to pay in respect of each employee and without specifying the employees in question.

(5) For the purposes of-

(a) proceedings under section 66 or 67 of the 1970 Act (including proceedings under either section as applied by the provisions of this regulation), and

(b) summary proceedings (including, in Scotland, proceedings in the sheriff court), the total amount specified in paragraph (4) will, subject to the provisions of paragraphs (3) and (6), be one cause of action or one matter of complaint.

(6) Nothing in paragraphs (4) or (5) prevents the bringing of separate proceedings for the recovery of each of the several amounts referred to in paragraph (4) which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC for any income tax period in respect of each of the employer´s employees.

Interest on unpaid repayments

58.–(1) Subject to paragraph (2), where an employer has not on or before the 14^th day after the end of a tax year paid an amount which the employer is liable to pay to HMRC under regulation 54 for that tax year, that amount will carry interest at the rate applicable under section 178 of the Finance Act 1989(52) for the purposes of section 86 of the 1970 Act from that date until payment.

(2) Where payment is made by an approved method of electronic communications, the interest payable under paragraph (1) must be calculated as if the date in paragraph (1) was the 17^th day after the end of the tax year.

(3) Interest payable under this regulation is recoverable as if it were an amount which the employer was liable to pay under regulation 54.

(4) An amount to which paragraph (1) applies carries interest from the day mentioned in that paragraph even if that date is a non-business day within the meaning of section 92 of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882.

(5) A certificate of HMRC that to the best of its knowledge and belief, any amount of interest payable under this regulation has not been paid to it by the employer, is sufficient evidence that the amount of interest shown on the certificate is unpaid and is due to the Crown.

(6) Any document purporting to be a certificate under paragraph (5) is deemed to be such a certificate until the contrary is proved.

(7) HMRC may prepare a certificate certifying the total amount of interest payable in respect of the whole of a combined amount without specifying to what component of the combined amount the interest relates and paragraphs (5) and (6) will apply to that certificate.

(8) Where an employer has paid interest on an amount under this regulation and it is found not to have been due to be paid, although the amount in respect of which it was paid was due to be paid, that interest must be repaid to the employer.

Returns by employers

59.–(1) Not later than 44 days after the end of the tax year the employer must deliver to HMRC in such form as HMRC may approve or prescribe, a return showing in respect of each employee, in respect of whom the employer was required at any time during the tax year to prepare or maintain a deductions working sheet in accordance with regulation 52–

(a) such particulars as HMRC may require for the identification of the employee;

(b) the tax year to which the return relates; and

(c) the total amount of repayments deducted for the tax year from the earnings paid to the employee.

(2) The return required by paragraph (1) must include–

(a) a statement and declaration in the form approved or prescribed by HMRC containing a list of all deductions working sheets on which the employer was obliged to keep records in accordance with these Regulations in respect of the tax year; and

(b) a certificate showing the total amount of repayments deducted for the tax year in respect of each employee.

(3) Where the employer is a body corporate, the declaration and the certificate referred to in paragraph (2) must be signed by the secretary or a director of that body corporate.

(4) If within 17 days of the end of any tax year an employer has failed to pay to HMRC the total amount of repayments which the employer is liable to pay under regulation 54, HMRC may prepare a certificate showing the amount of repayments remaining unpaid for the tax year in question.

(5) Where an employer fails to make a return in accordance with paragraph (1), the employer is liable–

(a) to a penalty or penalties of the relevant monthly amount for each month (or part of a month) during which the failure continues, but excluding any month after the twelfth or for which a penalty under this paragraph has already been imposed, and

(b) if the failure continues beyond 12 months, without prejudice to any penalty under sub- paragraph (a), to a penalty not exceeding so much of the amount payable by the employer in accordance with the Regulations for the tax year to which the return relates as remained unpaid at the end of the 22 April after the end of that tax year.

(6) For the purposes of paragraph (5), the relevant monthly amount in the case of a failure to make a return is–

(a) £100, where the number of persons in respect of whom particulars should be included in the return is fifty or less;

(b) £100 for each fifty such persons, where that number is greater than fifty; and

(c) an additional £100 where the number of persons referred to in sub-paragraph (b) is not a multiple of fifty.

(7) Where a return under this regulation must be made–

(a) at the same time as-

(i) any specified return which must be made in accordance with Regulations made by HMRC under section 684 of the 2003 Act or section 566(1) of the 1988 Act (sub-contractors) to which section 98A of the 1970 Act (penalties) applies; or

(ii) any specified return which must be made in accordance with Regulations made by HMRC under paragraph 6 of Schedule 1 to the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 in respect of which section 98A of the 1970 Act has been applied by such Regulations; or

(b) if the circumstances are such that a return mentioned in paragraph (a) does not fall to be made, at a time defined by reference to the time for making that return, had it fallen to be made,

and a person has been required to pay a penalty under section 98A(2)(a) of the 1970 Act in respect of the tax return or the National Insurance contributions return or both, that person must not also be required to pay a penalty in respect of any failure to submit the return under this regulation.

(8) For tax years–

(a) ending on or before 5 April 2009, where an employer fraudulently or negligently makes an incorrect return under paragraph (1), the employer will be liable to a penalty not exceeding £3000 for each employee in respect of whom incorrect particulars are included in the return;

(b) commencing on or after 6 April 2009, where the date on which the return is due to be filed is on or after 6 April 2010, where an employer carelessly or deliberately makes an incorrect return under paragraph (1) penalties as set out in Schedule 24 to the Finance Act 2007 (penalties for errors) will apply as they apply in connection with PAYE.

(9) A certificate under paragraph (4) that the net amount in respect of student loan repayments remaining unpaid for that year has not been paid to it by the employer is sufficient evidence that the sum shown on the certificate is unpaid and is due to the Crown.

(10) Any document purporting to be a certificate under paragraph (4) is deemed to be such a certificate until the contrary is proved.

Inspection of employers´ records

60.–(1) For the purposes of carrying out inspections of an employer´s records in relation to checking their compliance with this Part, Schedule 36 to the Finance Act 2008(53) (information and inspection powers) applies as it applies in relation to checking a person´s tax position (as defined in that Schedule) subject to the modifications in paragraph (2).

(2) The modifications are –

(a) any reference to any provision of the Taxes Acts is to be treated as a reference to this Part;

(b) the reference to information relating to the conduct of a pending appeal relating to tax is to be treated as a reference to information relating to the conduct of a pending appeal relating to compliance with this Part;

(c) paragraph 21 is omitted; and

(d) any reference to "statutory records" includes all documents and records relating to the repayments requiring deduction under this Part including any notice received under regulation 50(9).

(3) Statutory records (as defined in Schedule 36) must be retained by the employer for not less than 3 years after the end of the tax year to which they relate.

(4) HMRC may, in relation to each inspection, prepare a certificate showing–

(a) the amount in respect of student loan repayments which it appears from the documents and records produced that the employer is liable to pay HMRC for the years or income tax periods covered by the inspection; and

(b) any amount in respect of such student loan repayments which has not been paid to HMRC.

(5) A certificate under paragraph (4) is sufficient evidence that the employer is liable to pay the amount shown in the certificate pursuant to paragraph (4)(b) to HMRC in respect of the years or income tax periods shown in the certificate.

(6) Any document purporting to be a certificate under paragraph (4) is deemed to be such a certificate until the contrary is proved.

Powers to obtain information

61.–(1) For the purposes of obtaining information in relation to checking an employer´s compliance with this Part, Schedule 36 to the Finance Act 2008 (information and inspection powers) applies as it applies in relation to checking a person´s tax position (as defined in that Schedule) subject to the modifications in paragraph (2).

(2) The modifications are –

(a) any reference to any provision of the Taxes Acts is to be treated as a reference to this Part;

(b) any reference to prejudice to the assessment or collection of tax is to be treated as a reference to prejudice to the assessment or collection of student loan repayments;

(c) the reference to information relating to the conduct of a pending appeal relating to tax is to be treated as a reference to information relating to the conduct of a pending appeal relating to compliance with this Part;

(d) paragraphs 21, 35(4)(b), 36 and 37(2) are omitted; and

(e) a reference to "statutory records" includes all documents and records relating to the repayments requiring deduction under this Part including any notice received under regulation 50(9).

Formal determination of repayments payable by employer

62.–(1) This regulation applies where it appears to HMRC that there may be repayments payable by an employer under regulation 54 which–

(a) have not been paid to HMRC, and

(b) have not been certified by HMRC under regulation 59.

(2) Where this regulation applies, HMRC may determine the amount of those repayments to the best of its judgement and must serve notice of the determination on the employer.

(3) A determination under this regulation may–

(a) cover the repayments payable by the employer under regulation 54 for any one or more tax periods in a tax year, and

(b) extend to the whole of the repayments or such part of them as is payable in respect of a class or classes of employees specified in the notice of determination (without naming the individual employees) or of one or more specified, named employees.

(4) The provisions of Parts 4 (Assessment and Claims), 5 (Appeals and Other proceedings) and 6 (Collection and Recovery) of the 1970 Act apply to a determination under this regulation, with any necessary modification–

(a) as if the determination were an assessment for the purposes of that Act; and

(b) as if the amount of repayments determined was income tax charged on the employer.

Interest on unpaid repayments which have been formally determined

63.–(1) Where–

(a) an employer has not paid an amount of repayments to HMRC under regulation 54;

(b) HMRC makes a determination of the amount of such repayments under regulation 62; and

(c) repayments are payable pursuant to that determination,

those repayments will carry interest at the applicable rate under section 178 of the Finance Act 1989 for the purposes of section 86 of the 1970 Act from the 14^th day after the end of the tax year in which they are payable until payment.

(2) Interest payable under this regulation is recoverable as if it were an amount which the employer is liable to pay under regulation 54.

Death of employer

64. If an employer dies, anything which that employer would have been liable to do under these Regulations must be done by the employer´s personal representative, or in the case of an employer who paid earnings on behalf of another, by the person succeeding that employer, or if not succeeded, by the person on whose behalf that employer paid earnings.

Succession to a business

65.–(1) This regulation applies where there has been a change in the employer from whom the employee receives earnings in respect of the employment in any trade, business concern or undertaking or in connection with any property, or from whom an employee receives an annuity other than a pension.

(2) Subject to paragraph (3), where this regulation applies in relation to any matter arising after the change of employer, the subsequent employer is liable to do anything that the previous employer would have been liable to do if there had been no change of employer.

(3) No subsequent employer is liable for the payment of repayments deducted from an employee´s earnings before the change of employer unless those repayments are also deductible from earnings paid to the employee after the change of employer.

Payment by cheque

66. For the purposes of regulations 54 to 58, where–

(a) any payment to HMRC is made by cheque, and

(b) the cheque is paid on its first presentation to the banker on whom it is drawn, the payment will be treated as paid on the day on which the cheque was received by HMRC and references in those regulations to "pay", "paid", "unpaid" and "overpaid" are to be interpreted on this basis.

Cessation of employment

67. Where an employer completes a Form P45, the employer must state in it that the employee is a borrower if, on the date of the Form P45–

(a) the employer has received notice that the employee is a borrower as described in regulation 49(1); or

(b) the employer has received a Form P46 stating that the employee has a student loan which requires repayment; and

(c) (in either case) the employer has not received a notice from HMRC under regulation 49(3) requiring the employer not to make deductions from the employee´s earnings on and after a date before the date on which the person ceased to be an employee.

Penalties

68.–(1) Subject to paragraph (3), where in the case of any employee an employer fraudulently or negligently–

(a) makes incorrect deductions; or

(b) makes or receives incorrect payments in a tax year

in pursuance of this Part, the employer is liable to a penalty not exceeding £3000 for each employee for whom incorrect deductions or payments are made.

(2) A penalty under paragraph (1) must not be imposed before the end of the relevant tax year; and no more than one penalty per employee under that paragraph may be imposed in relation to any tax year.

(3) This regulation does not apply where an employer has paid an electronic payment default surcharge to HMRC under regulation 203 of the PAYE Regulations in respect of an incorrect payment.

Collection and recovery of penalties

69. Section 69 of the 1970 Act (recovery of penalties etc) applies to penalties imposed under this Part as it applies to penalties imposed under that Act, but does not apply to penalties under regulation 59(8)(b)(54).

Application of the PAYE Regulations

70.–(1) To the extent that the provisions of the PAYE Regulations apply by virtue of regulation 42 for the purposes of these Regulations, the PAYE Regulations will apply with the following modifications–

(a) in regulation 202 (default notice and appeal), the only ground of appeal is that the employer is not in default;

(b) in regulation 203 (default surcharge), -

(i) "A" is the total amount of repayments payable for the tax year in which the relevant deductions were made to which the specified payment relates; and

(ii) "B" is the total amounts deducted from A under regulations 54(3) and (4) of these Regulations.

(c) in regulation 210 (penalties and appeals), an employer is not liable to a penalty if the employer has been liable to a penalty for failing to comply with regulation 205 of those Regulations or regulation 90N of the Contributions Regulations in relation to the same tax year.

PART 5 Repayment by Overseas Borrowers

Interpretation

71. In this Part–

"gross income" means income from all sources before deductions for or relief from tax or other statutory charge;

"residence" in or outside the United Kingdom has the same meaning as it has in the Taxes Acts; and

"Eurostat" means the Statistical Office for the European Communities.

Notice of overseas residence

72.–(1) A borrower must notify the Authority of any period of residence outside the United Kingdom which exceeds 3 months.

(2) A borrower must provide such information about the borrower´s income during any such period of residence as the Authority may require.

Notice of liability to make repayments

73.–(1) Subject to regulation 75, where the Authority is satisfied that a borrower is resident outside the United Kingdom, it may serve a notice on the borrower requiring the borrower to make repayments on any student loan in accordance with regulation 74.

(2) In a notice served under paragraph (1), the Authority may require a borrower, if the borrower has failed–

(a) to give the notice required by regulation 72(1); or

(b) to provide any information required by the authority under regulation 72(2),

to repay immediately such part of a student loan as will reduce the amount outstanding to the amount which the Authority considers would have been outstanding if the borrower had given the notice or provided the information required.

Repayment by fixed instalments

74. A borrower must pay to the Authority a fixed instalment calculated in accordance with regulation 76–

(a) no later than the day specified in a notice served under regulation 73; and

(b) no later than the same day of each subsequent month.

Repayment by income-related instalments

75.–(1) Where the Authority is satisfied that a borrower to whom regulation 73 applies has complied with a requirement to provide information under regulation 72, the Authority may determine that the borrower may repay a loan by income-related instalments in accordance with this regulation.

(2) The first such instalment must be paid on a date determined by the Authority being a date not more than 2 months later than the date of the determination and subsequent instalments must be paid on the same date in each subsequent month for up to 12 months.

(3) Each instalment must be one twelfth of the relevant amount.

(4) The relevant amount is 9% of the gross income which the Authority consider the borrower is likely to receive in the next 12 month period following the date of the determination referred to in paragraph (2), disregarding–

(a) income up to the applicable threshold, calculated in accordance with regulation 76; and

(b) income in respect of which the Authority is satisfied that repayments are likely to be made under Parts 3 or 4.

(5) The amount of the instalment must be stated in the determination.

(6) At the end of the period referred to in paragraph (2), the borrower must pay fixed instalments under regulation 74, subject to a further determination under paragraph (1).

(7) At any time during the period referred to in paragraph (2), the Authority may make a re-determination under paragraph (1).

Calculation of fixed instalment and applicable threshold

76.–(1) The fixed instalment in regulation 74 and the applicable threshold in regulation 75 are to be determined by reference to the most recent price level index for the borrower´s country of residence and in accordance with the following tables–

(2) The price level index for the United Kingdom is 100.

(3) Price level indices are to be calculated using the most recent provisional comparative price level indices measured in gross domestic product produced by Eurostat.

(4) Where the price level index for any country cannot be calculated because Eurostat does not hold the necessary data, it is to be calculated using the most recent provisional comparative price level indices measured in gross domestic product produced by the World Bank´s Development Indicators.

(5) Subject to paragraph (6), where a price level index cannot be calculated under paragraph (3) or (4), the applicable threshold and fixed instalment are those for band A.

(6) The Authority may determine that the applicable threshold or fixed instalment for a borrower is to be that for a country other than the borrower´s present country of residence.

Application to cease repayment by instalments

77.–(1) A borrower who–

(a) is required to make repayments under this Part; and

(b) who has not been required to repay a student loan in full immediately under regulation 78,

may apply to the Authority for a determination that the borrower is no longer required to make such repayments.

(2) Where the Authority is satisfied that–

(a) the borrower is resident in the United Kingdom; and

(b) the borrower is likely to be resident in the United Kingdom for the tax year during which the date specified in the determination relating to that borrower will fall,

the Authority may determine that a borrower who has applied under paragraph (1) is not to be required to make repayments under this Part from a date specified in the determination, being a date not more than 2 months later than the date of the determination.

(3) A determination under paragraph (2) has effect until the borrower again becomes liable to repay the loan under regulation 74 or 75.

Foreclosure

78. If a borrower does not pay an instalment or other amount when it is due, the Authority may require the borrower to repay the loan in full immediately.

Costs and expenses of the Authority

79.–(1) Where the Authority incurs reasonable costs or expenses in taking steps–

(a) resulting from a borrower´s failure to comply with regulation 72, to

(i) obtain a borrower´s address outside the United Kingdom; or

(ii) obtain information about a borrower´s income during any period of residence outside the United Kingdom;

(b) to serve a notice under regulation 73(1) in any of the circumstances set out in regulation 73(2); or

(c) to recover the outstanding balance of the loan in full under regulation 78,

the Authority may require reimbursement of those costs or expenses by the borrower and may add them to the borrower´s loan account and they will form part of the principal of the loan from the date on which they are added.

(2) Where the Authority incurs such costs and expenses as are referred to in paragraphs (1)(a) to (c) in respect of a transferred loan, the Authority is entitled to recover such costs as are incurred on behalf of the loan purchaser and may add them to the borrower´s loan account.

(3) Any sum added to the borrower´s loan account in accordance with paragraph (2) is owed to the loan purchaser.

PART 6 Insolvency

Effect of borrower insolvency on student loans

80.–(1) In this Part, "eligible student" means any person who is an eligible student–

(a) in England, for the purposes of the Education (Student Support) (No 2) Regulations 2008 or any subsequent Regulations made under section 22 of the 1998 Act;

(b) in Wales, for the purposes of the Assembly Learning Grants and Loans (Higher Education) (Wales) Regulations 2008 or any subsequent Regulations made under section 22 of the 1998 Act; or

(c) In Northern Ireland, for the purposes of the Education (Student Support) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008(55) or any subsequent Regulations made under the Education (Student Support) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998.

(2) In England and Wales–

(a) any sum payable to an eligible student by way of a student loan which the eligible student receives or is entitled to receive after the commencement of that person´s bankruptcy, will not be treated as part of the bankrupt´s estate or claimed for the bankrupt´s estate under section 307 or 310 of the Insolvency Act 1986(56), whether the entitlement arises before or after the commencement of the bankruptcy; and

(b) any debt or liability to which that person is or may become subject in respect of any sum payable to an eligible student by way of a student loan will not be included in that person´s bankruptcy debts when the person receives or is entitled to receive that sum-

(i) in the case of a bankruptcy commencing before 1 September 2004, after the commencement of the bankruptcy; or

(ii) in the case of a bankruptcy commencing on or after 1 September 2004, before or after the commencement of the bankruptcy.

(3) In Northern Ireland–

(a) any sum payable to an eligible student by way of a student loan which the eligible student receives or is entitled to receive after the commencement of that person´s bankruptcy, will not be treated as part of the bankrupt´s estate or claimed for the bankrupt´s estate under Article 280 or 283 of the Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989(57), whether the entitlement arises before or after the commencement of the bankruptcy; and

(b) any debt or liability to which that person is or may become subject in respect of any sum payable to an eligible student by way of a student loan will not be included in that person´s bankruptcy debts when the person receives or is entitled to receive that sum-

(i) in the case of a bankruptcy commencing before 1 March 2005, after the commencement of the bankruptcy; or

(ii) in the case of a bankruptcy commencing on or after 1 March 2005, before or after the commencement of the bankruptcy.

SCHEDULE

EXPLANATORY NOTE

(This note is not part of the Regulations)

These Regulations revoke and re-enact with amendments the Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) Regulations 2000. Like those Regulations, these Regulations govern repayments of student loans by borrowers who have taken out income- contingent repayment loans for courses which began any time in or after September 1998. Students who began their courses before then, and certain limited, transitional categories of students who began their courses shortly after then (for example, gap year students) remain subject to the previous system of mortgage-style loans for maintenance under the Education (Student Loans) Act 1990.

These Regulations set out the principal terms and conditions applying to repayments of income-contingent student loans in England and Wales.

These Regulations are Composite Regulations made by the Secretary of State as respects England and by the Welsh Ministers for Wales. The Secretary of State also makes various provisions for the tax system which apply across the United Kingdom to the extent that student loans are collected through the taxation system operated by Her Majesty´s Revenue and Customs (known in the Regulations as -�HMRC´) and to the extent these consist of rights or obligations imposed on HMRC, employers or borrowers as part of that tax provision, or on others in respect of the inspection or production of information and records. In general, the Secretary of State and Welsh Ministers are referred to in these Regulations as -�the Authority´.

This consolidating Instrument also brings together for the first time other provisions which concern repayments of student loans but which were previously found elsewhere in Regulations under section 22 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, namely provisions relating to the interest which may be charged on the loans during repayment and the effect of bankruptcy on a student´s entitlement to the loan, or obligation to repay it. Those other relevant regulations are revoked by these Regulations.

The majority of the provisions of these Regulations come into force on 6 April 2009. Provisions relating to the interest payable on loans and the insolvency provisions in Part 6 come into force on 1 September 2009. Provisions relating to repayment by direct debit come into force on 21 December 2009.

Under these Regulations, repayments will be made by borrowers in four ways:

(c) through HMRC through the tax self-assessment process;

(d) by deductions from salaries and other employment-related payments by employers, which are paid directly to HMRC by employers;

(e) by direct payments to the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers, either as voluntary repayments or where borrowers are living and working abroad; or

(f) by direct debit payments to the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers, within the last two years of the loan´s repayment term.

Borrowers can make direct payments to the Secretary of State, Welsh Ministers, or a loan purchaser at any time. Repayment by direct debit in the last 23 months of repayment for borrowers in England and Wales enables a borrower to manage repayments so as not to risk overpayment through the tax system, and represents a change from the previous system. A borrower may notify the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers of a desire to repay the remainder of their loan by fixed instalments. Subject to certain exceptions and conditions the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers will agree.

Part 1 sets out the main definitions applying to the Regulations and deals with the application of the Regulations to the different parts of the United Kingdom. It also deals with how notices and communications required or permitted under the Regulations may be made or given. Parts 1 and 2 of the Regulations extend to both England and Wales. However, Parts 3 and 4 only apply to Wales if the Welsh Ministers determine that student loan repayments are to be made through the tax system and give notice of this to the Secretary of State in respect of student loans collectively, or individually. If Parts 3 and 4 are not applied by Welsh Ministers, those regulations in Part 2 which also relate to repayments through the tax system will also cease to apply.

These Regulations do not extend to Scotland other than to the extent that they may impose requirements or rights on employers, borrowers, loan purchasers or HMRC anywhere in the United Kingdom in relation to repayments of student loans governed by these Regulations.

The Scottish Ministers may, if they determine, give notice to HMRC that they wish repayments of student loans made under the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 to be collected through the tax system, and in those circumstances Parts 3 and 4, and any necessary provisions of Part 2 will also apply to those loans.

Part 2 makes provisions which apply to all loans made by the Secretary of State and to loans made by the Welsh Ministers, though some aspects will not apply in relation to Wales if Welsh Ministers do not determine to collect student loan repayments through the tax system.

This Part sets out the functions of HMRC in relation to monies collected by it, how the penalty regime set out in the Taxes Management Act 1970 will be applied to the repayments system and how repayments of loans sold to private sector bodies (known in the Regulations as -�loan purchasers´) will be dealt with (regulations 10-13).

It sets out how repayments made by borrowers will be applied to outstanding penalties, charges, costs, interest and principal (regulation 14). Borrowers do not become liable to repay any loan until the April after they have completed or left their courses. A borrower may, however, repay a loan at any point if the borrower wishes to.

The Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers must notify the borrower and HMRC of the dates when loan repayments are to start and cease (regulation 15). A borrower´s liability to repay a student loan will end only if the loan is cancelled, the loan is repaid in full or if specified other events occur. Different provision is made for eligible teachers who qualify under the Education (Teacher Student Loans) (Repayment etc) Regulations 2003 (regulation 16).

Repayments made directly to the Secretary of State, to Welsh Ministers, or by direct debit are credited to a borrower´s account on the date of receipt. Repayments made through self-assessment are credited to the borrower´s account on 31 January in the tax year following the tax year for which those repayments are due. Repayments made through PAYE are deemed paid in 12 equal amounts across the year (regulation 17).

A borrower may repay through direct debit at the end of the life of their loan to prevent over-repayment through the tax system if they request it, and previous attempts at payment by this method have not failed as a result of the direct debit being refused or cancelled without permission. A borrower can agree to re-enter the PAYE system at any time (regulation 18).

Loans are cancelled when a borrower dies, is permanently disabled or reaches the age of 65. In relation to post -2006 student loans, the cancellation at age 65 is replaced with cancellation after 25 years (regulation 19).

If a borrower repays more than is owed to the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers, any over-payment is repaid. Over-payment through PAYE is repaid with interest at the same level as is applied to the loans by the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers (regulation 20).

The loans may carry interest which is applied daily at a rate of interest set by the Secretary of State from year to year, and which (if interest is charged) is equivalent to the Retail Prices (All items) Index for the 12 months to March preceding the beginning of the academic year in September (subject to an overall -�low interest´ cap imposed by consumer credit legislation). The Secretary of State and Welsh Ministers must publish the rate annually (regulation 21). These interest provisions were previously contained in the annual Education (Student Support) Regulations and the Welsh equivalent. Such interest provisions contained in those Regulations are revoked in these Regulations.

The Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers may require the borrower to provide information about their name, address, personal details and income and may apply penalties to the borrower if the borrower fails to comply with these requirements (regulations 22-27). In addition to specific penalties for failing to comply, if the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers incur any costs or expenses, whether on their own account or on behalf of a loan purchaser, in obtaining information which the borrower is required to provide, they may recover those costs and expenses and add them to the balance of the loan outstanding to its owner (regulation 25). The Regulations may also require the borrower to repay the loan in full, immediately, if the borrower fails to comply with the obligations to provide information or pay penalties (regulation 27).

Part 3 deals with repayment of student loans through the self-assessment system for borrowers required to submit a self- assessment tax return. Provisions of the Taxes Management Act 1970 dealing with payment of income tax through self-assessment are extended to cover repayment of student loans, and loan repayments through self-assessment are treated like income tax.

The borrower repays 9% of total annual income over £15,000 including any unearned income over £2000. Certain exclusions and reliefs are applied to the calculation of the borrower´s income for these purposes (regulation 29).

Borrowers repaying through self-assessment must include information on student loan repayments in their annual return, and HMRC can request further information, accounts and documents as they can in relation to income tax. Borrowers make repayment by 31 January in the tax year following the relevant tax year, unless other requirements about a borrower´s return are imposed (regulation 35). The borrower may be liable to surcharges, interest and penalties as would apply to income tax, if the borrower´s return is missing, late, incomplete, misleading or if the borrower makes late or incomplete repayments.

Part 4 deals with how borrowers who are employees repay student loans through their employers. Loan repayments are collected and accounted for by employers in the same way as income tax is deducted from an employee´s earnings, and earnings has the same meaning as it does for National Insurance contributions purposes. Employers can therefore calculate repayments on the same sum as they calculate National Insurance contributions. Repayment is made at the rate of 9% of annual earnings over £15,000 or the proportionate part of it, depending on the pay period. Employers can calculate the value of the deduction themselves or use Tables provided by the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers for this purpose (regulation 44). The rules on aggregating earnings and for determining earning periods, where an employee has more than one employment with a single employer is the same for student loans as it is for National Insurance contributions. Where an employer adopts practices to avoid or reduce the amount of student loan repayments, HMRC may give directions to ignore those practices (regulation 45).

HMRC may notify anyone who to their knowledge is an employer of a borrower and require that employer to make deductions from the employee´s earnings, and pay them to HMRC (regulation 49). The notice will apply from the first available pay date on or after that notice, and apply up until the date specified in a subsequent notice requiring the employer to cease making deductions (regulation 50). The employer is given directions as to how such deductions from the employee´s earnings rank against other deductions that the employer may be required to make (regulation 51), and specifies when and how student loan repayments must be paid to HMRC (regulation 54). HMRC may require an employer to render a return in respect of all employees detailing the repayments which the employer is liable to deduct, and may certify sums owing in respect of them whether HMRC is unaware of sums which may be owed by that employer (regulation 55) or has reason to believe that the employer is liable to pay repayments to HMRC (regulation 56). HMRC may require employers to pay interest on student loan repayments which are not made to HMRC at the right time (regulation 58). HMRC may recover any sums owing by employers as though they were income tax and may recover student loan repayments in the same cause of action as outstanding National Insurance contributions or tax (as part of a -�combined amount´ (regulation 57)). For tax years commencing on or after 6 April 2009 those penalties provided for in Schedule 24 to the Finance Act 2007 will apply to employers who carelessly or deliberately submit incorrect returns, in place of the previous regime (regulation 59). Powers to inspect records and obtain information contained in Schedule 36 to the Finance Act 2008 will now apply (with modifications) in relation to a borrower´s compliance with Part 3 (regulation 33) and an employer´s compliance with Part 4 (regulations 60 and 61). The Regulations also provide for HMRC to formally determine, and certify, any sums which it appears are outstanding to HMRC from employers in respect of student loan repayments. Interest may also be charged on these sums formally determined (regulations 62 and 63).

If an employer dies, or the business is transferred to another person, the personal representative or successor will be liable, in general, to do anything which the original employer was liable to do under these Regulations (regulations 64-65).

Where an employee leaves an employment, the employer must state in that employee´s Form P45 that the employee is a borrower provided that the employer had received a notice stating that the employee is liable to make repayments, and had not also subsequently received a notice requiring the employer not to make deductions before the employee left the employment (regulation 67).

An employer who either fraudulently or negligently makes incorrect deductions or makes or receives incorrect payments in a tax year for an employee is liable to a penalty of £3000 per each such employee per tax year in respect of whom the fraudulent or negligent behaviour has occurred (regulation 68). Penalties under Part 4 may be recovered by HMRC in the same way as income tax (regulation 69). Various provisions of the PAYE Regulations are applied to collections with certain modifications (regulation 70).

Part 5 provides for repayment by borrowers who are not resident in the UK for income tax purposes. Borrowers must tell the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers if they are overseas for more than 3 months, and provide other details (including income levels) if requested to by the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers. The Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers may require a borrower resident overseas to make repayments by way of fixed instalments each month (regulation 75) and, if a borrower has failed to provide necessary notices or information, may require the borrower to make such repayment as will reduce the amount outstanding on the loan to the level it would have been had the borrower given the notice or provided the information (regulation 73).

A borrower who has provided the necessary information to the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers about residence overseas and income levels may apply to the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers (as appropriate) to make repayments by way of income-related instalments, and if the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers agree, the repayments must be at the rate of 9% of gross income which the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers consider the borrower is likely to receive in the next 12 months, disregarding any income below the applicable threshold or on which payment will be made through the UK tax system (regulation 75). The applicable threshold varies according to where in the world the borrower is and the level of the price level index for that country determined by Eurostat or the World Bank (regulation 76). A borrower may apply to the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers to cease making repayments by instalments if they become resident in the UK and have not been required to repay the loan in full immediately under regulation 78 (regulation 77).

A borrower failing to make repayment of any instalment or sum which is due may be required by the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers to make immediate repayment of the outstanding balance of the loan (regulation 78).

If the Secretary of State or Welsh Ministers incur any costs or expenses, whether on their own account or on behalf of a loan purchaser in obtaining information about a borrower´s location, details and income abroad, or in obtaining payment of the whole of the outstanding loan, they may recover those costs and expenses and add them to the balance of the loan (regulation 79).

Part 6 re-enacts provisions previously contained in the Student Support Regulations concerning insolvency of borrowers. This provides that in relation to borrowers in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland, sums by way of student loans which are received or to which a borrower is entitled after their bankruptcy, do not form part of their estate for the purposes of that bankruptcy. In England and Wales, any debt which a student loan borrower owes to the Secretary of State, Welsh Ministers or loan purchaser does not at any time form part of the debts of that borrower for the purposes of the bankruptcy, if the bankruptcy commences on or after 1 September 2004. If the bankruptcy commences prior to that date, only sums received or entitled to be received by the borrower prior to the commencement of the bankruptcy will form part of the bankrupt´s debts in the bankruptcy.

Similar provisions are applied to Northern Ireland, except that the relevant date for determining whether student loan debts incurred prior to the bankruptcy form part of the debts of the bankruptcy is 1 March 2005.

An impact assessment has not been prepared in respect of this instrument as it has no impact on the costs of business, charities or voluntary bodies. The impact on the public sector is minimal.